High-fat diet-induced kidney alterations in rats with metabolic syndrome: endothelial dysfunction and decreased antioxidant defense

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate changes in renal function and the AGE-RAGE axis in the kidney of a non-genetic animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Additionally, we evaluated the protective effect of pyridoxamine (PM), a vitamin B6 analog with anti-AGE effects, in the context of diet-related renal endothelial dysfunction. METHODOLOGY: In Wistar rats, the MetS animal model was induced by 20 or 28 weeks of HFD feeding. When indicated, a subgroup of animals was treated daily with PM (60 mg/kg) for 2 months. Tissue perfusion in renal microcirculation was examined by laser speckle contrast imaging. Oxidative stress was analyzed by thiobarbituric acid reactive species and the inflammatory markers by ELISA (TNF-α and IL-1β). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze eNOs, IL-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), NADPH oxidase subunit 47 (N47), catalase, and receptor for AGE (RAGE) gene expression. RESULTS: Wistar rats fed a HFD showed negligible alteration in renal function, decrease in catalase mRNA transcripts and catalase enzyme activity compared to control (CTL) animals. Increased levels of IL-1β were observed in the kidney of MetS-induced rats. HFD-fed rats exhibited kidney endothelial dysfunction, with no significant differences in basal microvascular blood flow. PM significantly improved kidney vasorelaxation in HFD-fed rats. eNOS, VCAM, and RAGE gene expression and AGE content were not altered in kidneys of HFD-induced MetS rats in comparison to CTLs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that HFD-induced microvascular dysfunction precedes the decline in renal function, and could be related to antioxidant machinery defects and inflammation activation in the kidney. PM showed a vasoprotective effect, and thus, could be an important contributory factor in ameliorating diet-induced renal damage.