The Self-Passivation Mechanism in Degradation of BiVO(4) Photoanode

BiVO(4) is a promising photoanode material for solar-assisted water splitting in a photoelectrochemical cell but has a propensity to degrade. Investigations carried out here in 0.1 M Na(2)SO(4) electrolyte showed that degradation is by dissolution of V in the electrolyte while Bi is retained on the anode probably in the form of solid Bi oxide (Bi(2)O(3), Bi(4)O(7)). Accumulation of Bi oxide on the anode surface leads to passivation from further degradation. Thermodynamic modeling of possible degradation reactions has provided theoretical support to this mechanism. This self-passivation is accompanied by a decrease in photocurrent density, but it protects the anode against extensive photocorrosion and contributes to long-term stability. This is a more definitive understanding of degradation of BiVO(4) during water splitting in a photoelectrochemical cell. This understanding is imperative for both fundamental and applied research.