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Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches

BACKGROUND: Although there are several models on the structure of human temperament, character and personality, the majority follow a single approach, providing a unilateral and overly theoretical construct which is unsuitable for clinical application. The current study aimed to develop a complex an...

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Autores principales: Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N., Gonda, Xenia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6749666/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31548845
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0247-1
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author Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.
Gonda, Xenia
author_facet Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.
Gonda, Xenia
author_sort Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Although there are several models on the structure of human temperament, character and personality, the majority follow a single approach, providing a unilateral and overly theoretical construct which is unsuitable for clinical application. The current study aimed to develop a complex and comprehensive model of temperament and character by empirically combining relevant existing theories. METHODS: The study included 734 healthy general population subjects aged 40.80 ± 11.48 years, who completed the TEMPS-A, TCI and NEO-PI-3 questionnaires. Data were analyzed in a multistep approach using Exploratory Factor analysis and forward stepwise linear regression. RESULTS: The results yielded two highest order factors (Self and Self–Environment Interaction), six middle order factors (Emotional Self, Cognitive Self, Social Emotionality, Emotional and Cognitive Control, Ethical Emotionality and Behavior, Social Emotionality and Behavior) and 12 factors at the bottom (Ego Resiliency, Ego Strength, Intrapersonal Emotion, Personal Space Cognition, Interpersonal Cognition, Emotional Creativity, Externalized Interpersonal Emotion, Internalized Interpersonal Emotion, Emotional Motivation, Self-Discipline, Ethical Values and Ethical Behavior). CONCLUSIONS: The current study developed a complex hierarchical model of temperament and character on the basis of empirical data from several temperament theories. An important feature of the new temperamental model is the frequent admixture of emotional and cognitive processes within the same module. This model expands the field to include elements probably corresponding to meta-cognition mechanisms and complex interactions between affective and cognitive control, which may provide useful in understanding and treating affective disorders as well.
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spelling pubmed-67496662019-09-23 Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. Gonda, Xenia Ann Gen Psychiatry Primary Research BACKGROUND: Although there are several models on the structure of human temperament, character and personality, the majority follow a single approach, providing a unilateral and overly theoretical construct which is unsuitable for clinical application. The current study aimed to develop a complex and comprehensive model of temperament and character by empirically combining relevant existing theories. METHODS: The study included 734 healthy general population subjects aged 40.80 ± 11.48 years, who completed the TEMPS-A, TCI and NEO-PI-3 questionnaires. Data were analyzed in a multistep approach using Exploratory Factor analysis and forward stepwise linear regression. RESULTS: The results yielded two highest order factors (Self and Self–Environment Interaction), six middle order factors (Emotional Self, Cognitive Self, Social Emotionality, Emotional and Cognitive Control, Ethical Emotionality and Behavior, Social Emotionality and Behavior) and 12 factors at the bottom (Ego Resiliency, Ego Strength, Intrapersonal Emotion, Personal Space Cognition, Interpersonal Cognition, Emotional Creativity, Externalized Interpersonal Emotion, Internalized Interpersonal Emotion, Emotional Motivation, Self-Discipline, Ethical Values and Ethical Behavior). CONCLUSIONS: The current study developed a complex hierarchical model of temperament and character on the basis of empirical data from several temperament theories. An important feature of the new temperamental model is the frequent admixture of emotional and cognitive processes within the same module. This model expands the field to include elements probably corresponding to meta-cognition mechanisms and complex interactions between affective and cognitive control, which may provide useful in understanding and treating affective disorders as well. BioMed Central 2019-09-17 /pmc/articles/PMC6749666/ /pubmed/31548845 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0247-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Primary Research
Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.
Gonda, Xenia
Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches
title Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches
title_full Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches
title_fullStr Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches
title_full_unstemmed Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches
title_short Modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches
title_sort modeling human temperament and character on the basis of combined theoretical approaches
topic Primary Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6749666/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31548845
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0247-1
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