Selenium maintains cytosolic Ca(2+ )homeostasis and preserves germination rates of maize pollen under H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress

Selenium (Se) displays antioxidant properties that can be exploited, in plants, to counteract abiotic stresses caused by overly-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that fertigation of maize crops with sodium selenate effectively protects pollen against oxidative stress. Pollen isolated from Se-treated plants (Se1) and untreated controls (Se0) was incubated in vitro with H(2)O(2) to produce oxidative challenge. Given the impact of ROS on Ca(2+) homeostasis and Ca(2+)-dependent signaling, cytosolic Ca(2+) was measured to monitor cellular perturbations. We found that H(2)O(2) disrupted Ca(2+) homeostasis in Se0 pollen only, while Se1 samples were preserved. The same trend was observed when Se0 samples were treated with sodium selenate or Se-methionine, which recapitulated in vitro the protective capacity of Se-fertigation. Furthermore, we found that germination rates were much better retained in Se1 as compared to Se0 (46% vs 8%, respectively) after exposure to 20 mM H(2)O(2). The same was observed with Se0 pollen treated with Se-methionine, which is the organic form of Se into which most fertigated sodium selenate converts in the plant. These results, together, show a close correlation between ROS, Ca(2+) homeostasis and pollen fertility, and provide strong evidence that Se-fertigation is an excellent approach to preserve or enhance agricultural productivity.