Genomic mosaicism in the pathogenesis and inheritance of a Rett syndrome cohort

PURPOSE: To determine the role of mosaicism in the pathogenesis and inheritance of Rett and Rett-like disorders. METHODS: We recruited 471 Rett and Rett-like patients. Panel-sequencing targeting MECP2, CDKL5, and FOXG1 was performed. Mosaicism was quantified in 147 patients by a Bayesian genotyper. Candidates were validated by amplicon sequencing and digital PCR. Germline mosaicism of 21 fathers with daughters carrying pathogenic MECP2 variants was further quantified. RESULTS: Pathogenic variants of MECP2/CDKL5/FOXG1 were found in 324/471 (68.7%) patients. Somatic MECP2 mosaicism was confirmed in 5/471 (1.1%) patients, including 3/18 males (16.7%) and 2/453 females (0.4%). Three of the five patients with somatic MECP2 mosaicism had mosaicism at MECP2-Arg106. Germline MECP2 mosaicism was detected in 5/21 (23.8%) fathers. CONCLUSION: This is the first systematic screening of somatic and paternal germline MECP2 mosaicism at a cohort level. Our findings indicate that somatic MECP2 mosaicism contributes directly to the pathogenicity of Rett syndrome, especially in male patients. MECP2-Arg106 might be a mosaic hotspot. The high proportion of paternal germline MECP2 mosaicism indicates an underestimated mechanism underlying the paternal origin bias of MECP2 variants. Finally, this study provides an empirical foundation for future studies of genetic disorders caused by de novo variations of strong paternal origin.