MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 promotes Fanconi Anemia R-loop suppression at transcription–replication conflicts

Ectopic R-loop accumulation causes DNA replication stress and genome instability. To avoid these outcomes, cells possess a range of anti-R-loop mechanisms, including RNaseH that degrades the RNA moiety in R-loops. To comprehensively identify anti-R-loop mechanisms, we performed a genome-wide trigenic interaction screen in yeast lacking RNH1 and RNH201. We identified >100 genes critical for fitness in the absence of RNaseH, which were enriched for DNA replication fork maintenance factors including the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex. While MRN has been shown to promote R-loops at DNA double-strand breaks, we show that it suppresses R-loops and associated DNA damage at transcription–replication conflicts. This occurs through a non-nucleolytic function of MRE11 that is important for R-loop suppression by the Fanconi Anemia pathway. This work establishes a novel role for MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 in directing tolerance mechanisms at transcription–replication conflicts.