Effect of porosity enhancing agents on the electrochemical performance of high-energy ultracapacitor electrodes derived from peanut shell waste

In this study, the synthesis of porous activated carbon nanostructures from peanut (Arachis hypogea) shell waste (PSW) was described using different porosity enhancing agents (PEA) at various mass concentrations via a two-step process. The textural properties obtained were depicted with relatively high specific surface area values of 1457 m(2) g(−1), 1625 m(2) g(−1) and 2547 m(2) g(−1) for KHCO(3,) K(2)CO(3) and KOH respectively at a mass concentration of 1 to 4 which were complemented by the presence of a blend of micropores, mesopores and macropores. The structural analyses confirmed the successful transformation of the carbon-containing waste into an amorphous and disordered carbonaceous material. The electrochemical performance of the material electrodes was tested in a 2.5 M KNO(3) aqueous electrolyte depicted its ability to operate reversibly in both negative and positive potential ranges of 0.90 V. The activated carbon obtained from the carbonized CPSW:PEA with a mass ratio of 1:4 yielded the best electrode performance for all featured PEAs. The porous carbons obtained using KOH activation displayed a higher specific capacitance and the lower equivalent series resistance as compared to others. The remarkable performance further corroborated the findings linked to the textural and structural properties of the material. The assembled device operated in a neutral electrolyte (2.5 M KNO(3)) at a cell potential of 1.80 V, yielded a ca. 224.3 F g(−1) specific capacitance at a specific current of 1 A g(−1) with a corresponding specific energy of 25.2 Wh kg(−1) and 0.9 kW kg(−1) of specific power. This device energy was retained at 17.7 Wh kg(−1) when the specific current was quadrupled signifying an excellent supercapacitive retention with a corresponding specific power of 3.6 kW kg(−1). These results suggested that peanut shell waste derived activated carbons are promising candidates for high-performance supercapacitors.