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Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens

Climate change is reducing the depth and duration of winter snowpack, leading to dramatic changes in the soil environment with potentially important ecological consequences. Previous experiments in the Intermountain West of North America indicated that loss of snowpack increases survival and populat...

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Autores principales: Smull, Danielle M, Pendleton, Nicole, Kleinhesselink, Andrew R, Adler, Peter B
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6756605/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31559006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz043
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author Smull, Danielle M
Pendleton, Nicole
Kleinhesselink, Andrew R
Adler, Peter B
author_facet Smull, Danielle M
Pendleton, Nicole
Kleinhesselink, Andrew R
Adler, Peter B
author_sort Smull, Danielle M
collection PubMed
description Climate change is reducing the depth and duration of winter snowpack, leading to dramatic changes in the soil environment with potentially important ecological consequences. Previous experiments in the Intermountain West of North America indicated that loss of snowpack increases survival and population growth rates of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that reduced snowpack might promote B. tectorum population growth by decreasing damage from snow molds, a group of subnivean fungal pathogens. To test this hypothesis, we conducted greenhouse and field experiments to investigate the interaction between early snowmelt and either fungicide addition or snow mold infection of B. tectorum. The greenhouse experiment confirmed that the snow mold Microdochium nivale can cause mortality of B. tectorum seedlings. In the field experiment, early snowmelt and fungicide application both increased B. tectorum survival, but their effects did not interact, and snow mold inoculation had no effect on survival. We did find interactive effects of snowmelt and fungal treatments on B. tectorum seed production: with ambient snowpack, M. nivale inoculation reduced seed production and fungicide increased it, whereas in the early snowmelt treatment seed production was high regardless of fungal treatment. However, treatment effects on seed production did not translate directly to overall population growth, which did not respond to the snow melt by fungal treatment interaction. Based on our mixed results, the hypothesis that reduced snowpack may increase B. tectorum fitness by limiting the effects of plant pathogens deserves further investigation.
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spelling pubmed-67566052019-09-26 Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens Smull, Danielle M Pendleton, Nicole Kleinhesselink, Andrew R Adler, Peter B AoB Plants Studies Climate change is reducing the depth and duration of winter snowpack, leading to dramatic changes in the soil environment with potentially important ecological consequences. Previous experiments in the Intermountain West of North America indicated that loss of snowpack increases survival and population growth rates of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that reduced snowpack might promote B. tectorum population growth by decreasing damage from snow molds, a group of subnivean fungal pathogens. To test this hypothesis, we conducted greenhouse and field experiments to investigate the interaction between early snowmelt and either fungicide addition or snow mold infection of B. tectorum. The greenhouse experiment confirmed that the snow mold Microdochium nivale can cause mortality of B. tectorum seedlings. In the field experiment, early snowmelt and fungicide application both increased B. tectorum survival, but their effects did not interact, and snow mold inoculation had no effect on survival. We did find interactive effects of snowmelt and fungal treatments on B. tectorum seed production: with ambient snowpack, M. nivale inoculation reduced seed production and fungicide increased it, whereas in the early snowmelt treatment seed production was high regardless of fungal treatment. However, treatment effects on seed production did not translate directly to overall population growth, which did not respond to the snow melt by fungal treatment interaction. Based on our mixed results, the hypothesis that reduced snowpack may increase B. tectorum fitness by limiting the effects of plant pathogens deserves further investigation. Oxford University Press 2019-07-16 /pmc/articles/PMC6756605/ /pubmed/31559006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz043 Text en © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Studies
Smull, Danielle M
Pendleton, Nicole
Kleinhesselink, Andrew R
Adler, Peter B
Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens
title Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens
title_full Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens
title_fullStr Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens
title_full_unstemmed Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens
title_short Climate change, snow mold and the Bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens
title_sort climate change, snow mold and the bromus tectorum invasion: mixed evidence for release from cold weather pathogens
topic Studies
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6756605/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31559006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz043
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