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Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements

This work reports the process of sensor development, optimization, and characterization before the transition to on-body measurements can be made. Sensors using lactate oxidase as a sensing mechanism and tetrathiafulvalene as a mediator were optimized for sporting applications. Optimized sensors sho...

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Autores principales: Payne, Margaret E., Zamarayeva, Alla, Pister, Veronika I., Yamamoto, Natasha A. D., Arias, Ana Claudia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6757068/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31548553
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49689-7
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author Payne, Margaret E.
Zamarayeva, Alla
Pister, Veronika I.
Yamamoto, Natasha A. D.
Arias, Ana Claudia
author_facet Payne, Margaret E.
Zamarayeva, Alla
Pister, Veronika I.
Yamamoto, Natasha A. D.
Arias, Ana Claudia
author_sort Payne, Margaret E.
collection PubMed
description This work reports the process of sensor development, optimization, and characterization before the transition to on-body measurements can be made. Sensors using lactate oxidase as a sensing mechanism and tetrathiafulvalene as a mediator were optimized for sporting applications. Optimized sensors show linear range up to 24 mM lactate and sensitivity of 4.8 μA/mM which normalizes to 68 μA*cm(−2)/mM when accounting for surface area of the sensor. The optimized sensors were characterized 3 different ways: using commercially available reference and counter electrodes, using printed reference and counter electrodes, and using a printed reference electrode with no counter electrode. Sensors intended for measuring sweat must be selective in the presence of sweat constituents. Thus, in addition to traditional characterization in pH 7.0 buffer, we characterized sensor performance in solutions intended to approximate sweat. Sensor performance in pH 7.0 buffer solution was not reflective of sensor performance in artificial sweat, indicating that further characterization is necessary between sensor measurement in pH 7.0 buffer and on-body measurements. Furthermore, we performed enzyme activity measurements and sensor measurements concurrently in five different salts individually, finding that while NH(4)Cl and MgCl(2) do not affect enzyme activity or sensor performance in physiologically relevant ranges of salt concentration, NaCl concentration or KCl concentration decreases enzyme activity and sensor current. On the other hand, CaCl(2) induced a nonlinear change in sensor performance and enzyme activity with increasing salt concentration.
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spelling pubmed-67570682019-10-02 Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements Payne, Margaret E. Zamarayeva, Alla Pister, Veronika I. Yamamoto, Natasha A. D. Arias, Ana Claudia Sci Rep Article This work reports the process of sensor development, optimization, and characterization before the transition to on-body measurements can be made. Sensors using lactate oxidase as a sensing mechanism and tetrathiafulvalene as a mediator were optimized for sporting applications. Optimized sensors show linear range up to 24 mM lactate and sensitivity of 4.8 μA/mM which normalizes to 68 μA*cm(−2)/mM when accounting for surface area of the sensor. The optimized sensors were characterized 3 different ways: using commercially available reference and counter electrodes, using printed reference and counter electrodes, and using a printed reference electrode with no counter electrode. Sensors intended for measuring sweat must be selective in the presence of sweat constituents. Thus, in addition to traditional characterization in pH 7.0 buffer, we characterized sensor performance in solutions intended to approximate sweat. Sensor performance in pH 7.0 buffer solution was not reflective of sensor performance in artificial sweat, indicating that further characterization is necessary between sensor measurement in pH 7.0 buffer and on-body measurements. Furthermore, we performed enzyme activity measurements and sensor measurements concurrently in five different salts individually, finding that while NH(4)Cl and MgCl(2) do not affect enzyme activity or sensor performance in physiologically relevant ranges of salt concentration, NaCl concentration or KCl concentration decreases enzyme activity and sensor current. On the other hand, CaCl(2) induced a nonlinear change in sensor performance and enzyme activity with increasing salt concentration. Nature Publishing Group UK 2019-09-23 /pmc/articles/PMC6757068/ /pubmed/31548553 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49689-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Article
Payne, Margaret E.
Zamarayeva, Alla
Pister, Veronika I.
Yamamoto, Natasha A. D.
Arias, Ana Claudia
Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements
title Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements
title_full Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements
title_fullStr Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements
title_full_unstemmed Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements
title_short Printed, Flexible Lactate Sensors: Design Considerations Before Performing On-Body Measurements
title_sort printed, flexible lactate sensors: design considerations before performing on-body measurements
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6757068/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31548553
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49689-7
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