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Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin
The aim of the study was to analyze the microbiological biodiversity of human foot skin with respect to factors such as age, gender, frequency of foot washing and physical activity, and to select indicator species to be considered when designing textile materials with antimicrobial properties used f...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6765982/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546968 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183503 |
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author | Steglińska, Aleksandra Jachowicz, Anita Szulc, Justyna Adamiak, Justyna Otlewska, Anna Pielech-Przybylska, Katarzyna Gutarowska, Beata |
author_facet | Steglińska, Aleksandra Jachowicz, Anita Szulc, Justyna Adamiak, Justyna Otlewska, Anna Pielech-Przybylska, Katarzyna Gutarowska, Beata |
author_sort | Steglińska, Aleksandra |
collection | PubMed |
description | The aim of the study was to analyze the microbiological biodiversity of human foot skin with respect to factors such as age, gender, frequency of foot washing and physical activity, and to select indicator species to be considered when designing textile materials with antimicrobial properties used for sock and insole production. The experiment was carried out on a group of 40 people. The number of microorganisms was determined using culture-dependent methods. Biodiversity was determined using culture followed by genetic identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing (bacteria), ITS region (fungi), or using Illumina next-generation sequencing (in a group of eight selected individuals). The total bacterial number on women’s feet was on average 1.0 × 10(6) CFU/cm(2), and was not statistically significantly different than that of men’s feet (mean 1.2 × 10(5) CFU/cm(2)). The number of bacteria, in most cases, decreased with age and with increased frequency of physical activity. The number of bacteria increased with diminishing feet-washing frequency; however, statistically significant differences were found between groups. The number of fungi was not significantly different amongst groups. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria constituted the main microorganisms of the foot skin. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota predominated amongst the fungi. The presence of specific species varied in groups depending on the factors mentioned above. Two of the species identified were classified as pathogens (Neisseria flavescens and Aspergillus fumigatus). These findings suggest that it is necessary to extend the list of microorganisms tested on textiles with respect to hygienic properties. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6765982 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-67659822019-09-30 Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin Steglińska, Aleksandra Jachowicz, Anita Szulc, Justyna Adamiak, Justyna Otlewska, Anna Pielech-Przybylska, Katarzyna Gutarowska, Beata Int J Environ Res Public Health Article The aim of the study was to analyze the microbiological biodiversity of human foot skin with respect to factors such as age, gender, frequency of foot washing and physical activity, and to select indicator species to be considered when designing textile materials with antimicrobial properties used for sock and insole production. The experiment was carried out on a group of 40 people. The number of microorganisms was determined using culture-dependent methods. Biodiversity was determined using culture followed by genetic identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing (bacteria), ITS region (fungi), or using Illumina next-generation sequencing (in a group of eight selected individuals). The total bacterial number on women’s feet was on average 1.0 × 10(6) CFU/cm(2), and was not statistically significantly different than that of men’s feet (mean 1.2 × 10(5) CFU/cm(2)). The number of bacteria, in most cases, decreased with age and with increased frequency of physical activity. The number of bacteria increased with diminishing feet-washing frequency; however, statistically significant differences were found between groups. The number of fungi was not significantly different amongst groups. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria constituted the main microorganisms of the foot skin. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota predominated amongst the fungi. The presence of specific species varied in groups depending on the factors mentioned above. Two of the species identified were classified as pathogens (Neisseria flavescens and Aspergillus fumigatus). These findings suggest that it is necessary to extend the list of microorganisms tested on textiles with respect to hygienic properties. MDPI 2019-09-19 2019-09 /pmc/articles/PMC6765982/ /pubmed/31546968 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183503 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Steglińska, Aleksandra Jachowicz, Anita Szulc, Justyna Adamiak, Justyna Otlewska, Anna Pielech-Przybylska, Katarzyna Gutarowska, Beata Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin |
title | Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin |
title_full | Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin |
title_fullStr | Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin |
title_full_unstemmed | Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin |
title_short | Factors Influencing Microbiological Biodiversity of Human Foot Skin |
title_sort | factors influencing microbiological biodiversity of human foot skin |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6765982/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546968 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183503 |
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