Therapeutic Targeting of MZF1‐AS1/PARP1/E2F1 Axis Inhibits Proline Synthesis and Neuroblastoma Progression

Proline synthesis plays an important role in the metabolic reprogramming that contributes to tumor progression. However, the mechanisms regulating expression of proline synthetic genes in neuroblastoma (NB) remain elusive. Herein, through integrative screening of a public dataset and amino acid profiling analysis, myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) and MZF1 antisense RNA 1 (MZF1‐AS1) are identified as transcriptional regulators of proline synthesis and NB progression. Mechanistically, transcription factor MZF1 promotes the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1 and pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase 1, while proline facilitates the aggressiveness of NB cells. In addition, MZF1‐AS1 binds poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to facilitate its interaction with E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), resulting in transactivation of E2F1 and upregulation of MZF1 and other oncogenic genes associated with tumor progression. Administration of a small peptide blocking MZF1‐AS1‐PARP1 interaction or lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA targeting MZF1‐AS1 suppresses the proline synthesis, tumorigenesis, and aggressiveness of NB cells. In clinical NB cases, high expression of MZF1‐AS1, PARP1, E2F1, or MZF1 is associated with poor survival of patients. These results indicate that therapeutic targeting of MZF1‐AS1/PARP1/E2F1 axis inhibits proline synthesis and NB progression.