Wide-spread limitation of soil organic nitrogen transformations by substrate availability and not by extracellular enzyme content

Proteins constitute the single largest soil organic nitrogen (SON) reservoir and its decomposition drives terrestrial N availability. Protein cleavage by extracellular enzymes is the rate limiting step in the soil organic N cycle and can be controlled by extracellular enzyme production or protein availability/stabilization in soil. Both controls can be affected by geology and land use, as well as be vulnerable to changes in soil temperature and moisture/O(2). To explore major controls of soil gross protein depolymerization we sampled six soils from two soil parent materials (calcareous and silicate), where each soil type included three land uses (cropland, pasture and forest). Soil samples were subjected to three temperature treatments (5, 15, 25 °C at 60% water-holding capacity (WHC) and aerobic conditions) or three soil moisture/O(2) treatments (30 and 60% WHC at 21% O(2), 90% WHC at 1% O(2), at 20 °C) in short-term experiments. Samples were incubated for one day in the temperature experiment and for one week in the moisture/O(2) experiment. Gross protein depolymerization rates were measured by a novel (15)N isotope pool dilution approach. The low temperature sensitivity of gross protein depolymerization, the lack of relationship with protease activity and strong effects of soil texture and pH demonstrate that this process is constrained by organo-mineral associations and not by soil enzyme content. This also became apparent from the inverse effects in calcareous and silicate soils caused by water saturation/O(2) limitation. We highlight that the specific soil mineralogy influenced the response of gross depolymerization rates to water saturation/O(2) limitation, causing (I) increasing gross depolymerization rates due to release of adsorbed proteins by reductive dissolution of Fe- and Mn-oxyhydroxides in calcareous soils and (II) decreasing gross depolymerization rates due to mobilization of coagulating and toxic Al(3+) compounds in silicate soils.