The Pleiotropic Effects of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: Beyond the Glycemic Benefit

ABSTRACT: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of macro- and microvascular complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure (HF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of the currently available glucose-lowering therapies, sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) are the only class to target the pathophysiologic increase in renal glucose reabsorption in patients with T2D. In CV outcomes trials of SGLT-2is in patients with T2D and established CVD or varying levels of CV risk, empagliflozin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin were associated with significant improvements in the risk of composite CV and renal outcomes compared with placebo that extended beyond their glycemic effects. Real-world observational studies have also reported improvements in CV outcomes with SGLT-2is compared with other glucose-lowering therapy in routine clinical practice. This review describes the pleiotropic effects of SGLT-2is and discusses the potential mechanisms for these effects as well as how they potentially provide benefits beyond glycemic control in patients with T2D. These favorable nonglycemic effects indicate that SGLT-2is may be of particular benefit in patients with diabetic complications, such as CVD, HF, or CKD. Ongoing large randomized trials in specific patient populations, including those with CVD, HF, or CKD (with or without T2D), may help to confirm the benefits of SGLT-2is in these patients and further elucidate the potential mechanisms of their pleiotropic effects. FUNDING: AstraZeneca.