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Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy

At the core of proper mitochondrial functionality is the maintenance of its structure and morphology. Physical changes in mitochondrial structure alter metabolic pathways inside mitochondria, affect mitochondrial turnover, disturb mitochondrial dynamics, and promote mitochondrial fragmentation, ulti...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Roy, Sayon, Kim, Dongjoon, Sankaramoorthy, Aravind
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6780143/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31480638
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091363
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author Roy, Sayon
Kim, Dongjoon
Sankaramoorthy, Aravind
author_facet Roy, Sayon
Kim, Dongjoon
Sankaramoorthy, Aravind
author_sort Roy, Sayon
collection PubMed
description At the core of proper mitochondrial functionality is the maintenance of its structure and morphology. Physical changes in mitochondrial structure alter metabolic pathways inside mitochondria, affect mitochondrial turnover, disturb mitochondrial dynamics, and promote mitochondrial fragmentation, ultimately triggering apoptosis. In high glucose condition, increased mitochondrial fragmentation contributes to apoptotic death in retinal vascular and Müller cells. Although alterations in mitochondrial morphology have been detected in several diabetic tissues, it remains to be established in the vascular cells of the diabetic retina. From a mechanistic standpoint, our current work supports the notion that increased expression of fission genes and decreased expression of fusion genes are involved in promoting excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. While mechanistic insights are only beginning to reveal how high glucose alters mitochondrial morphology, the consequences are clearly seen as release of cytochrome c from fragmented mitochondria triggers apoptosis. Current findings raise the prospect of targeting excessive mitochondrial fragmentation as a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. While biochemical and epigenetic changes have been reported to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, this review focuses on alterations in mitochondrial morphology, and their impact on mitochondrial function and pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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spelling pubmed-67801432019-10-30 Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy Roy, Sayon Kim, Dongjoon Sankaramoorthy, Aravind J Clin Med Review At the core of proper mitochondrial functionality is the maintenance of its structure and morphology. Physical changes in mitochondrial structure alter metabolic pathways inside mitochondria, affect mitochondrial turnover, disturb mitochondrial dynamics, and promote mitochondrial fragmentation, ultimately triggering apoptosis. In high glucose condition, increased mitochondrial fragmentation contributes to apoptotic death in retinal vascular and Müller cells. Although alterations in mitochondrial morphology have been detected in several diabetic tissues, it remains to be established in the vascular cells of the diabetic retina. From a mechanistic standpoint, our current work supports the notion that increased expression of fission genes and decreased expression of fusion genes are involved in promoting excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. While mechanistic insights are only beginning to reveal how high glucose alters mitochondrial morphology, the consequences are clearly seen as release of cytochrome c from fragmented mitochondria triggers apoptosis. Current findings raise the prospect of targeting excessive mitochondrial fragmentation as a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. While biochemical and epigenetic changes have been reported to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, this review focuses on alterations in mitochondrial morphology, and their impact on mitochondrial function and pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. MDPI 2019-09-01 /pmc/articles/PMC6780143/ /pubmed/31480638 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091363 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Roy, Sayon
Kim, Dongjoon
Sankaramoorthy, Aravind
Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
title Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
title_full Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
title_fullStr Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
title_full_unstemmed Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
title_short Mitochondrial Structural Changes in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
title_sort mitochondrial structural changes in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6780143/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31480638
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091363
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