Bioactive Aliphatic Sulfates from Marine Invertebrates

The occurrence of sulfated steroids and phenolics in marine organisms is quite widespread, being typically reported from Echinoderms. In contrast, alkane and alkene aliphatic sulfates are considerably rarer with examples being reported from a diverse array of organisms including echinoderms, sponges and ascidians. While no ecological roles for these metabolites have been proposed, they do exhibit a diverse array of biological activities including thrombin inhibition; the ability to induce metamorphosis in larvae; antiproliferative, antibacterial and antifungal properties; and metalloproteinase inhibition. Of particular interest and an avenue for future development is the finding of antifouling properties with low or nontoxic effects to the environment. This review focuses on alkyl sulfates and related sulfamates, their structures and biological activities. Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques that can be used to recognize the presence of sulfate groups are also discussed, data for which will enhance the ability of researchers to recognize this class of chemically- and biologically-interesting marine natural products.