Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Filler Contributes to Tertiary Dentin Formation through a Mechanism Different Than That of Hydraulic Calcium-Silicate Cement

The induction of tissue mineralization and the mechanism by which surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) cement influences pulpal healing remain unclear. We evaluated S-PRG cement-induced tertiary dentin formation in vivo, and its effect on the pulp cell healing process in vitro. Induced tertiary dentin formation was evaluated with micro-computed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The distribution of elements from the S-PRG cement in pulpal tissue was confirmed by micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF). The effects of S-PRG cement on cytotoxicity, proliferation, formation of mineralized nodules, and gene expression in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were assessed in vitro. μCT and SEM revealed that S-PRG induced tertiary dentin formation with similar characteristics to that induced by hydraulic calcium-silicate cement (ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)). μXRF showed Sr and Si ion transfer into pulpal tissue from S-PRG cement. Notably, S-PRG cement and MTA showed similar biocompatibility. A co-culture of hDPSCs and S-PRG discs promoted mineralized nodule formation on surrounding cells. Additionally, S-PRG cement regulated the expression of genes related to osteo/dentinogenic differentiation. MTA and S-PRG regulated gene expression in hDPSCs, but the patterns of regulation differed. S-PRG cement upregulated CXCL-12 and TGF-β1 gene expression. These findings showed that S-PRG and MTA exhibit similar effects on dental pulp through different mechanisms.