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Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation

Background and objectives: Obesity is associated with poor vascular function and may lead to future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is also related to increased inflammation and a low testosterone level. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between inflammation, testosterone...

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Autores principales: Aminuddin, Amilia, Salamt, Norizam, Ahmad Fuad, Ahmad Faiz, Chin, Kok-Yong, Ugusman, Azizah, Soelaiman, Ima Nirwana, Wan Ngah, Wan Zurinah
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6780688/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31500378
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090575
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author Aminuddin, Amilia
Salamt, Norizam
Ahmad Fuad, Ahmad Faiz
Chin, Kok-Yong
Ugusman, Azizah
Soelaiman, Ima Nirwana
Wan Ngah, Wan Zurinah
author_facet Aminuddin, Amilia
Salamt, Norizam
Ahmad Fuad, Ahmad Faiz
Chin, Kok-Yong
Ugusman, Azizah
Soelaiman, Ima Nirwana
Wan Ngah, Wan Zurinah
author_sort Aminuddin, Amilia
collection PubMed
description Background and objectives: Obesity is associated with poor vascular function and may lead to future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is also related to increased inflammation and a low testosterone level. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between inflammation, testosterone level, and vascular function among subjects with an increased body mass index (BMI) and to determine whether both low testosterone and high inflammation have synergistic effects towards vascular dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A total of 303 men aged 40–80 years were recruited from Klang Valley, Malaysia. Their height, weight, blood pressure (BP), lipid, blood glucose level, total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. The carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV(CF)) and augmentation index (AI) were also recorded as markers of vascular function. Results: The mean age of all the subjects was 54.46 ± 9.77 years. Subjects were divided into a low/normal body mass index (BMI) group (BMI < 25 kg/m(2); NG, n = 154) and high BMI group (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2); OG, n = 149). The mean BMI for NG was 22.20 ± 1.94 kg/m(2) while for OG was 28.87 ± 3.24 kg/m(2) (p < 0.01). The level of TT (OG = 21.13 ± 6.44 versus NG = 16.18 ± 6.16 nmol/L, p < 0.01) and FT (OG = 0.34 ± 0.12 versus NG = 0.39 ± 0.11 nmol/L, p < 0.01) were reduced while the level of CRP [OG = 1.05 (2.80) versus NG = 0.50 (1.50) mmol/L, p = 0.01] was increased in OG compared to NG. PWV(CF) (OG = 8.55 ± 1.34 versus NG = 8.52 ± 1.42 m/s, p = 0.02) and AI (OG = 16.91% ± 6.00% versus 15.88% ± 5.58%, p < 0.01) were significantly increased in OG after adjustment for other CVD risk factors. The subjects that had both a low FT and an increased CRP had higher AI when compared to those with a high CRP and high FT (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The increased BMI was associated with vascular dysfunction, mediated by a low testosterone level and increased inflammation. Furthermore, having both conditions concurrently lead to higher vascular dysfunction. Weight loss, testosterone supplementation, and the anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial for men to prevent vascular dysfunction.
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spelling pubmed-67806882019-10-30 Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation Aminuddin, Amilia Salamt, Norizam Ahmad Fuad, Ahmad Faiz Chin, Kok-Yong Ugusman, Azizah Soelaiman, Ima Nirwana Wan Ngah, Wan Zurinah Medicina (Kaunas) Article Background and objectives: Obesity is associated with poor vascular function and may lead to future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is also related to increased inflammation and a low testosterone level. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between inflammation, testosterone level, and vascular function among subjects with an increased body mass index (BMI) and to determine whether both low testosterone and high inflammation have synergistic effects towards vascular dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A total of 303 men aged 40–80 years were recruited from Klang Valley, Malaysia. Their height, weight, blood pressure (BP), lipid, blood glucose level, total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. The carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV(CF)) and augmentation index (AI) were also recorded as markers of vascular function. Results: The mean age of all the subjects was 54.46 ± 9.77 years. Subjects were divided into a low/normal body mass index (BMI) group (BMI < 25 kg/m(2); NG, n = 154) and high BMI group (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2); OG, n = 149). The mean BMI for NG was 22.20 ± 1.94 kg/m(2) while for OG was 28.87 ± 3.24 kg/m(2) (p < 0.01). The level of TT (OG = 21.13 ± 6.44 versus NG = 16.18 ± 6.16 nmol/L, p < 0.01) and FT (OG = 0.34 ± 0.12 versus NG = 0.39 ± 0.11 nmol/L, p < 0.01) were reduced while the level of CRP [OG = 1.05 (2.80) versus NG = 0.50 (1.50) mmol/L, p = 0.01] was increased in OG compared to NG. PWV(CF) (OG = 8.55 ± 1.34 versus NG = 8.52 ± 1.42 m/s, p = 0.02) and AI (OG = 16.91% ± 6.00% versus 15.88% ± 5.58%, p < 0.01) were significantly increased in OG after adjustment for other CVD risk factors. The subjects that had both a low FT and an increased CRP had higher AI when compared to those with a high CRP and high FT (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The increased BMI was associated with vascular dysfunction, mediated by a low testosterone level and increased inflammation. Furthermore, having both conditions concurrently lead to higher vascular dysfunction. Weight loss, testosterone supplementation, and the anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial for men to prevent vascular dysfunction. MDPI 2019-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC6780688/ /pubmed/31500378 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090575 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Aminuddin, Amilia
Salamt, Norizam
Ahmad Fuad, Ahmad Faiz
Chin, Kok-Yong
Ugusman, Azizah
Soelaiman, Ima Nirwana
Wan Ngah, Wan Zurinah
Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation
title Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation
title_full Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation
title_fullStr Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation
title_full_unstemmed Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation
title_short Vascular Dysfunction among Malaysian Men with Increased BMI: An Indication of Synergistic Effect of Free Testosterone and Inflammation
title_sort vascular dysfunction among malaysian men with increased bmi: an indication of synergistic effect of free testosterone and inflammation
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6780688/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31500378
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090575
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