Application of Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z) Nanocatalysts in Ethynylation of Formaldehyde

Composite nanomaterials have been widely used in catalysis because of their attractive properties and various functions. Among them, the preparation of composite nanomaterials by redox has attracted much attention. In this work, pure Cu(2)O was prepared by liquid phase reduction with Cu(NO(3))(2) as the copper source, NaOH as a precipitator, and sodium ascorbate as the reductant. With Fe(NO(3))(3) as the iron source and solid-state phase reaction between Fe(3+) and Cu(2)O, Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z) nanocatalysts with different Fe/Cu ratios were prepared. The effects of the Fe/Cu ratio on the structure of Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z) nanocatalysts were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet confocal Raman (Raman), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, XAES), and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H(2)-TPR). Furthermore, the structure–activity relationship between the structure of Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z) nanocatalysts and the performance of formaldehyde ethynylation was discussed. The results show that Fe(3+) deposited preferentially on the edges and corners of the Cu(2)O surface, and a redox reaction between Fe(3+) and Cu(+) occurred, forming Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z) nanoparticles containing Cu(+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), and Fe(3+). With the increase of the Fe/Cu ratio, the content of Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z) increased. When the Fe/Cu ratio reached 0.8, a core–shell structure with Cu(2)O inside and a Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z) coating on the outside was formed. Because of the large physical surface area and the heterogeneous structure formed by Cu(x)O-Fe(y)O(z), the formation of nonactive Cu metal is inhibited, and the most active species of Cu(+) are exposed on the surface, showing the best formaldehyde ethynylation activity.