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C–S Bonds in Sulfur-Embedded Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Flake Graphite Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
[Image: see text] Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are excellent rechargeable battery candidates which are extraordinarily promising as they exhibit superior specific capacity and well-known energy density; they are cost-effective and environmentally benign. Nevertheless, a few technical issues pose...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Chemical Society
2019
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6787901/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31616813 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01862 |
Sumario: | [Image: see text] Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are excellent rechargeable battery candidates which are extraordinarily promising as they exhibit superior specific capacity and well-known energy density; they are cost-effective and environmentally benign. Nevertheless, a few technical issues pose a significant challenge on the path to industrial applications, namely, capacity fade and Coulombic efficiency decay, which are inherent in the soluble polysulfide shuttle effect during charge/discharge cycling. Carbon materials which have excellent conductive scaffold and flexible structure with a variety of morphologies can serve as a remedy to this issue. Herein, with a well-designed melt-diffusion procedure, we prepared three carbon-based sulfur-embedded cathodes with diverse structures [graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and flake graphite]. Sulfur loading varies between 60 and 73 wt %. Among these three carbon/S cathodes, beyond 100 cycles, the graphene/S cathode showed a discharge capacity of 840 mA h g(–1) at 0.2 A g(–1) current density and its average Coulombic efficiency was above 99.4%, demonstrating the best cycle stability and reversibility. While at a higher current rate, 1 A g(–1), CNT/S reaches the best capacity of 518 mA h g(–1) among these three cathodes, revealing excellent sulfur utilization under high rate conditions. The X-ray photo spectroscopy shows evidence for chemical bonding between graphene/CNTs surfaces and carbonyl, hydroxyl, and ether groups, resulting in well-confined polysulfides in the cathode side, which significantly restrain the movement of soluble polysulfide in the charging process and efficiently decreases the capacity fading of sulfur. This unique structure is a potential explanation for the outstanding electrochemical performance. |
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