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Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Sport participation has many physical and psychosocial benefits, but there is also an inherent risk of injury, subsequent osteoarthritis and psychological challenges that can negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Considering the multifaceted impacts of sport participation on QOL acros...

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Autores principales: Filbay, Stephanie, Pandya, Tej, Thomas, Bryn, McKay, Carly, Adams, Jo, Arden, Nigel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer International Publishing 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6789047/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31429036
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01163-0
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author Filbay, Stephanie
Pandya, Tej
Thomas, Bryn
McKay, Carly
Adams, Jo
Arden, Nigel
author_facet Filbay, Stephanie
Pandya, Tej
Thomas, Bryn
McKay, Carly
Adams, Jo
Arden, Nigel
author_sort Filbay, Stephanie
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Sport participation has many physical and psychosocial benefits, but there is also an inherent risk of injury, subsequent osteoarthritis and psychological challenges that can negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Considering the multifaceted impacts of sport participation on QOL across the lifespan, there is a need to consolidate and present the evidence on QOL in former sport participants. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate QOL and life satisfaction in former sport participants, and determine what factors are associated with QOL and life satisfaction in this population. METHODS: Eight electronic databases were systematically searched in July 2018 to retrieve all articles that evaluated QOL or life satisfaction in former sport participants. Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, extracted data, and appraised methodological quality using a modified Downs and Black Checklist. Random-effects meta-analysis estimated pooled mean and 95% confidence intervals (Cis) for Mental Component Scores (MCS) and Physical Component Scores (PCS) derived from the SF-12, SF-36, VR-12 and VR-36 measures. MCS and PCS were pooled for all former sport participants, as well as professional- and collegiate-athlete subgroups. Data that were inappropriate for meta-analysis (i.e. EQ-5D, PROMIS and life-satisfaction outcomes) were collated and reported descriptively. RESULTS: Seventeen articles evaluated QOL or life satisfaction in a total of 6692 former athletes [eight studies (n = 4255) former professional athletes; six studies (n = 1946) former collegiate athletes; two studies (n = 491) included both] with a mean age ranging from 21 to 66 years. Most studies were cross-sectional (15 of 17 articles) and 12 studies had a moderate risk of bias (n = 1 high-risk, n = 4 low-risk). Unpublished data were provided for five studies. Meta-analysis of seven studies resulted in a pooled PCS mean (95% CI) of 50.0 (46.6–53.3) [former professional athletes from two studies: 46.7 (42.1–51.2), former collegiate athletes from five studies: 51.2 (48.4–53.9)] and a pooled MCS of 51.4 (50.5–52.2) [former professional athletes: 52.7 (51.3–54.2), former collegiate athletes: 50.9 (50.0–51.8)]. Factors associated with worse QOL or life satisfaction in former athletes included involuntary retirement from sport (three studies), collision/high-contact sport compared with low/no-contact sport (three studies), three or more concussions compared with no/fewer concussions (two studies), increased body mass index (BMI) (worse PCS, three studies), and osteoarthritis or musculoskeletal issues (worse PCS and MCS, three studies; worse PCS but not MCS, two studies). CONCLUSIONS: Former athletes had similar PCS and better MCS, compared to general-population norms. Former athletes with impaired PCS reported better MCS than population norms, highlighting the need to use an instrument that differentiates between physical and mental components of QOL in former sport participants. Factors associated with worse QOL that may explain between-study variation include involuntary retirement, collision/high contact sports, concussion, BMI and osteoarthritis. PROSPERO: CRD42018104319. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-019-01163-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-67890472019-10-17 Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Filbay, Stephanie Pandya, Tej Thomas, Bryn McKay, Carly Adams, Jo Arden, Nigel Sports Med Systematic Review BACKGROUND: Sport participation has many physical and psychosocial benefits, but there is also an inherent risk of injury, subsequent osteoarthritis and psychological challenges that can negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Considering the multifaceted impacts of sport participation on QOL across the lifespan, there is a need to consolidate and present the evidence on QOL in former sport participants. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate QOL and life satisfaction in former sport participants, and determine what factors are associated with QOL and life satisfaction in this population. METHODS: Eight electronic databases were systematically searched in July 2018 to retrieve all articles that evaluated QOL or life satisfaction in former sport participants. Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, extracted data, and appraised methodological quality using a modified Downs and Black Checklist. Random-effects meta-analysis estimated pooled mean and 95% confidence intervals (Cis) for Mental Component Scores (MCS) and Physical Component Scores (PCS) derived from the SF-12, SF-36, VR-12 and VR-36 measures. MCS and PCS were pooled for all former sport participants, as well as professional- and collegiate-athlete subgroups. Data that were inappropriate for meta-analysis (i.e. EQ-5D, PROMIS and life-satisfaction outcomes) were collated and reported descriptively. RESULTS: Seventeen articles evaluated QOL or life satisfaction in a total of 6692 former athletes [eight studies (n = 4255) former professional athletes; six studies (n = 1946) former collegiate athletes; two studies (n = 491) included both] with a mean age ranging from 21 to 66 years. Most studies were cross-sectional (15 of 17 articles) and 12 studies had a moderate risk of bias (n = 1 high-risk, n = 4 low-risk). Unpublished data were provided for five studies. Meta-analysis of seven studies resulted in a pooled PCS mean (95% CI) of 50.0 (46.6–53.3) [former professional athletes from two studies: 46.7 (42.1–51.2), former collegiate athletes from five studies: 51.2 (48.4–53.9)] and a pooled MCS of 51.4 (50.5–52.2) [former professional athletes: 52.7 (51.3–54.2), former collegiate athletes: 50.9 (50.0–51.8)]. Factors associated with worse QOL or life satisfaction in former athletes included involuntary retirement from sport (three studies), collision/high-contact sport compared with low/no-contact sport (three studies), three or more concussions compared with no/fewer concussions (two studies), increased body mass index (BMI) (worse PCS, three studies), and osteoarthritis or musculoskeletal issues (worse PCS and MCS, three studies; worse PCS but not MCS, two studies). CONCLUSIONS: Former athletes had similar PCS and better MCS, compared to general-population norms. Former athletes with impaired PCS reported better MCS than population norms, highlighting the need to use an instrument that differentiates between physical and mental components of QOL in former sport participants. Factors associated with worse QOL that may explain between-study variation include involuntary retirement, collision/high contact sports, concussion, BMI and osteoarthritis. PROSPERO: CRD42018104319. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-019-01163-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Springer International Publishing 2019-08-19 2019 /pmc/articles/PMC6789047/ /pubmed/31429036 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01163-0 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Systematic Review
Filbay, Stephanie
Pandya, Tej
Thomas, Bryn
McKay, Carly
Adams, Jo
Arden, Nigel
Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_fullStr Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_short Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Former Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_sort quality of life and life satisfaction in former athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
topic Systematic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6789047/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31429036
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01163-0
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