Current Trends in Modern Visual Intraocular Lens Enhancement Surgery in Stable Keratoconus: A Synopsis of Do’s, Don’ts and Pitfalls

Keratoconus is a relatively common ectatic, non-inflammatory corneal disorder that involves gradual visual deterioration through progressive alteration of the shape of the cornea. The corneal thinning, irregular astigmatism and higher order aberrations that occur as the disease progresses pose major challenges in the visual rehabilitation of such patients. This paper summarizes the current literature regarding the results of visual enhancement procedures in patients with stable keratoconus treated with standalone anterior or posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation and monofocal, toric or multifocal toric intraocular lens implantation following phacoemulsification for age-related cataract extraction or refractive lens exchange.