Osteoporosis among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence, Severity, and Therapeutic Outcomes

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be associated with systemic inflammatory trademarks and can coexist with other chronic debilitating diseases such as osteoporosis, which is considered among the most serious comorbidities of COPD. In this review, we aimed at finding answers for the following questions and tried to encapsulate the available literature: (1) how prevalent is osteoporosis among patients with COPD? (2) What are severity patterns of osteoporosis in case of COPD? (3) What are the therapeutic outcomes for patients with osteoporotic COPD? The total number of patients with COPD from all studies was 3815, majority of which were male (2658) representing 69.67% of patients. The mean ± standard deviation for percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1%) was 55.43 ± 14.62%, body mass index for almost 91.29% of patients was 24.4 ± 4.45 kg/m(2), whereas fat-free mass index (FFMI) was 17 ± 0.93 kg/m(2) for 17.66%. The percentage of patients with COPD having osteoporosis varied in the analyzed studies from 14% up to 66.6%. The mean prevalence of reported osteopenia from 14 studies (n = 2107) was 39.91%, whereas for osteoporosis, the mean prevalence was 37.62% for all included studies. Osteoporosis was highly prevalent among patients with COPD. It is reasonable to call for osteoporosis screening in patients with COPD who are above 65 years, in advanced stages, with BMI lower than 21 kg/m(2) or with FFMI lower than 16 kg/m(2) for males and 15 kg/m(2) for females. There is a lack of research investigating severity and treatments of osteoporosis in patients with COPD.