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Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses
BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography (US) is the recommended imaging technique to evaluate jugular veins. This prospective randomized clinical study was designed to collect a series of B-mode US measurements of manually distended jugular veins in healthy Italian Standardbreds and to find possible correlation...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6794831/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31619232 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2104-5 |
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author | Pasolini, Maria Pia Spinella, Giuseppe Del Prete, Chiara Valentini, Simona Coluccia, Pierpaolo Auletta, Luigi Greco, Michele Meomartino, Leonardo |
author_facet | Pasolini, Maria Pia Spinella, Giuseppe Del Prete, Chiara Valentini, Simona Coluccia, Pierpaolo Auletta, Luigi Greco, Michele Meomartino, Leonardo |
author_sort | Pasolini, Maria Pia |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography (US) is the recommended imaging technique to evaluate jugular veins. This prospective randomized clinical study was designed to collect a series of B-mode US measurements of manually distended jugular veins in healthy Italian Standardbreds and to find possible correlations between ultrasound measurements and animal morphometric characteristics. Forty-two horses, eight males and 34 females (range 3–22 years; bodyweight 494.4 ± 41.7 kg), were included in the study. The diameters and wall thicknesses of both jugular veins were measured at three different sites of the neck. The differences in ultrasound measurements based on scans, age, gender, side, and site of the neck were evaluated by ANOVA or by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The effects of the morphometric measures on each ultrasound parameter were evaluated by MANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The ultrasound measurements did not differ significantly between the three different sites or between genders; hence, they were pooled together in the results. On the transverse scan, the mean dorsoventral and lateromedial diameters were 1.58 ± 0.23 and 2.20 ± 0.25 cm, respectively; the mean superficial and deep wall thicknesses (SWT and DWT) were 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 cm, respectively. On the longitudinal scan, the mean dorsoventral diameter was 1.59 ± 0.26 cm, and the SWT and DWT were both 0.08 ± 0.01 cm. Neck length, from the caudal edge of the mandible to the thoracic inlet, was related to the dorsoventral diameter in both longitudinal and transverse scan and to the SWT and DWT in transverse scan, whereas height at the withers (measured with tape) and estimated weight were related to the wall thickness. Dividing the subjects into groups by age in years (“young” 3–7, “mature” 8–14, “old” > 14), differences were found for the lateromedial diameter in the transverse scan and the SWT on the longitudinal scan. The main limitation of this study was that only one operator performed the measurements. CONCLUSION: The US measurements of the jugular veins and their relationship with morphometric measures reported in this manuscript might be considered as guidelines both for early diagnosis and monitoring jugular vein abnormalities in healthy Italian Standardbred horses. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6794831 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-67948312019-10-21 Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses Pasolini, Maria Pia Spinella, Giuseppe Del Prete, Chiara Valentini, Simona Coluccia, Pierpaolo Auletta, Luigi Greco, Michele Meomartino, Leonardo BMC Vet Res Research Article BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography (US) is the recommended imaging technique to evaluate jugular veins. This prospective randomized clinical study was designed to collect a series of B-mode US measurements of manually distended jugular veins in healthy Italian Standardbreds and to find possible correlations between ultrasound measurements and animal morphometric characteristics. Forty-two horses, eight males and 34 females (range 3–22 years; bodyweight 494.4 ± 41.7 kg), were included in the study. The diameters and wall thicknesses of both jugular veins were measured at three different sites of the neck. The differences in ultrasound measurements based on scans, age, gender, side, and site of the neck were evaluated by ANOVA or by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The effects of the morphometric measures on each ultrasound parameter were evaluated by MANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The ultrasound measurements did not differ significantly between the three different sites or between genders; hence, they were pooled together in the results. On the transverse scan, the mean dorsoventral and lateromedial diameters were 1.58 ± 0.23 and 2.20 ± 0.25 cm, respectively; the mean superficial and deep wall thicknesses (SWT and DWT) were 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 cm, respectively. On the longitudinal scan, the mean dorsoventral diameter was 1.59 ± 0.26 cm, and the SWT and DWT were both 0.08 ± 0.01 cm. Neck length, from the caudal edge of the mandible to the thoracic inlet, was related to the dorsoventral diameter in both longitudinal and transverse scan and to the SWT and DWT in transverse scan, whereas height at the withers (measured with tape) and estimated weight were related to the wall thickness. Dividing the subjects into groups by age in years (“young” 3–7, “mature” 8–14, “old” > 14), differences were found for the lateromedial diameter in the transverse scan and the SWT on the longitudinal scan. The main limitation of this study was that only one operator performed the measurements. CONCLUSION: The US measurements of the jugular veins and their relationship with morphometric measures reported in this manuscript might be considered as guidelines both for early diagnosis and monitoring jugular vein abnormalities in healthy Italian Standardbred horses. BioMed Central 2019-10-16 /pmc/articles/PMC6794831/ /pubmed/31619232 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2104-5 Text en © The Author(s). 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Pasolini, Maria Pia Spinella, Giuseppe Del Prete, Chiara Valentini, Simona Coluccia, Pierpaolo Auletta, Luigi Greco, Michele Meomartino, Leonardo Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title | Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_full | Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_fullStr | Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_full_unstemmed | Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_short | Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses |
title_sort | ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in standardbred horses |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6794831/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31619232 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2104-5 |
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