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Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients

BACKGROUND: Gynecomastia (GM) is a benign enlargement of male breast due to glandular tissue proliferation. GM is a symptom of systemic or local hormonal disturbances, which could be associated with functional changes or pathological conditions. However, the long-lasting steroid imbalance in men wit...

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Autores principales: Robeva, Ralitsa, Elenkova, Atanaska, Zacharieva, Sabina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6794958/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31687020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6718761
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author Robeva, Ralitsa
Elenkova, Atanaska
Zacharieva, Sabina
author_facet Robeva, Ralitsa
Elenkova, Atanaska
Zacharieva, Sabina
author_sort Robeva, Ralitsa
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Gynecomastia (GM) is a benign enlargement of male breast due to glandular tissue proliferation. GM is a symptom of systemic or local hormonal disturbances, which could be associated with functional changes or pathological conditions. However, the long-lasting steroid imbalance in men with GM might exert negative influence on their metabolic health. METHODS: A total of 110 adult men with symptomatic GM were included in the present retrospective cross-sectional study. Anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal data of the patients were collected. RESULTS: In almost 64% of GM patients, the underlying pathological condition was identified. Moreover, the development of GM was among the primary symptoms leading to the proper diagnosis in more than 40% of hypogonadal patients. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was 53%; the highest prevalence of MS was found in patients with medication-induced GM and in the hypogonadal patients, whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in men with idiopathic postpubertal GM despite the similar degree of obesity. The lower testosterone levels were associated with more unfavorable lipid profile in the GM patients. CONCLUSION: The development of GM in adults might be an important symptom of an underlying gonadal disease. Moreover, it could be associated with an increased risk of metabolic disturbances. Our results support the need of detailed laboratory and hormonal investigations in patients with GM including targeted screening for metabolic disturbances. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the long-term consequences of sex hormones imbalance on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults with GM.
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spelling pubmed-67949582019-11-04 Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients Robeva, Ralitsa Elenkova, Atanaska Zacharieva, Sabina Int J Endocrinol Research Article BACKGROUND: Gynecomastia (GM) is a benign enlargement of male breast due to glandular tissue proliferation. GM is a symptom of systemic or local hormonal disturbances, which could be associated with functional changes or pathological conditions. However, the long-lasting steroid imbalance in men with GM might exert negative influence on their metabolic health. METHODS: A total of 110 adult men with symptomatic GM were included in the present retrospective cross-sectional study. Anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal data of the patients were collected. RESULTS: In almost 64% of GM patients, the underlying pathological condition was identified. Moreover, the development of GM was among the primary symptoms leading to the proper diagnosis in more than 40% of hypogonadal patients. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was 53%; the highest prevalence of MS was found in patients with medication-induced GM and in the hypogonadal patients, whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in men with idiopathic postpubertal GM despite the similar degree of obesity. The lower testosterone levels were associated with more unfavorable lipid profile in the GM patients. CONCLUSION: The development of GM in adults might be an important symptom of an underlying gonadal disease. Moreover, it could be associated with an increased risk of metabolic disturbances. Our results support the need of detailed laboratory and hormonal investigations in patients with GM including targeted screening for metabolic disturbances. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the long-term consequences of sex hormones imbalance on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults with GM. Hindawi 2019-10-03 /pmc/articles/PMC6794958/ /pubmed/31687020 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6718761 Text en Copyright © 2019 Ralitsa Robeva et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Robeva, Ralitsa
Elenkova, Atanaska
Zacharieva, Sabina
Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
title Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
title_full Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
title_fullStr Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
title_full_unstemmed Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
title_short Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
title_sort causes and metabolic consequences of gynecomastia in adult patients
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6794958/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31687020
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6718761
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