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Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have shown that observing an action induces activity in the onlooker's motor system. In light of the muscle specificity and time-locked mirroring nature of the effect, this motor resonance has been traditionally viewed as an inner automatic replic...

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Autores principales: Amoruso, Lucia, Finisguerra, Alessandra
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6798151/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31680900
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00332
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author Amoruso, Lucia
Finisguerra, Alessandra
author_facet Amoruso, Lucia
Finisguerra, Alessandra
author_sort Amoruso, Lucia
collection PubMed
description Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have shown that observing an action induces activity in the onlooker's motor system. In light of the muscle specificity and time-locked mirroring nature of the effect, this motor resonance has been traditionally viewed as an inner automatic replica of the observed movement. Notably, studies highlighting this aspect have classically considered movement in isolation (i.e., using non-realistic stimuli such as snapshots of hands detached from background). However, a few recent studies accounting for the role of contextual cues, motivational states, and social factors, have challenged this view by showing that motor resonance is not completely impervious to top-down modulations. A debate is still present. We reasoned that motor resonance reflects the inner replica of the observed movement only when its modulation is assessed during the observation of movements in isolation. Conversely, the presence of top-down modulations of motor resonance emerges when other high-level factors (i.e., contextual cues, past experience, social, and motivational states) are taken into account. Here, we attempt to lay out current TMS studies assessing this issue and discuss the results in terms of their potential to favor the inner replica or the top-down modulation hypothesis. In doing so, we seek to shed light on this actual debate and suggest specific avenues for future research, highlighting the need for a more ecological approach when studying motor resonance phenomenon.
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spelling pubmed-67981512019-11-01 Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity Amoruso, Lucia Finisguerra, Alessandra Front Hum Neurosci Human Neuroscience Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have shown that observing an action induces activity in the onlooker's motor system. In light of the muscle specificity and time-locked mirroring nature of the effect, this motor resonance has been traditionally viewed as an inner automatic replica of the observed movement. Notably, studies highlighting this aspect have classically considered movement in isolation (i.e., using non-realistic stimuli such as snapshots of hands detached from background). However, a few recent studies accounting for the role of contextual cues, motivational states, and social factors, have challenged this view by showing that motor resonance is not completely impervious to top-down modulations. A debate is still present. We reasoned that motor resonance reflects the inner replica of the observed movement only when its modulation is assessed during the observation of movements in isolation. Conversely, the presence of top-down modulations of motor resonance emerges when other high-level factors (i.e., contextual cues, past experience, social, and motivational states) are taken into account. Here, we attempt to lay out current TMS studies assessing this issue and discuss the results in terms of their potential to favor the inner replica or the top-down modulation hypothesis. In doing so, we seek to shed light on this actual debate and suggest specific avenues for future research, highlighting the need for a more ecological approach when studying motor resonance phenomenon. Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-10-11 /pmc/articles/PMC6798151/ /pubmed/31680900 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00332 Text en Copyright © 2019 Amoruso and Finisguerra. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Human Neuroscience
Amoruso, Lucia
Finisguerra, Alessandra
Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity
title Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity
title_full Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity
title_fullStr Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity
title_full_unstemmed Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity
title_short Low or High-Level Motor Coding? The Role of Stimulus Complexity
title_sort low or high-level motor coding? the role of stimulus complexity
topic Human Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6798151/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31680900
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00332
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