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Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation

Chloride (Cl(−)) has traditionally been considered a micronutrient largely excluded by plants due to its ubiquity and abundance in nature, its antagonism with nitrate (NO(3)(−)), and its toxicity when accumulated at high concentrations. In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in this regard...

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Autores principales: Colmenero-Flores, José M., Franco-Navarro, Juan D., Cubero-Font, Paloma, Peinado-Torrubia, Procopio, Rosales, Miguel A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6801462/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546641
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194686
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author Colmenero-Flores, José M.
Franco-Navarro, Juan D.
Cubero-Font, Paloma
Peinado-Torrubia, Procopio
Rosales, Miguel A.
author_facet Colmenero-Flores, José M.
Franco-Navarro, Juan D.
Cubero-Font, Paloma
Peinado-Torrubia, Procopio
Rosales, Miguel A.
author_sort Colmenero-Flores, José M.
collection PubMed
description Chloride (Cl(−)) has traditionally been considered a micronutrient largely excluded by plants due to its ubiquity and abundance in nature, its antagonism with nitrate (NO(3)(−)), and its toxicity when accumulated at high concentrations. In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in this regard since Cl(−) has gone from being considered a harmful ion, accidentally absorbed through NO(3)(−) transporters, to being considered a beneficial macronutrient whose transport is finely regulated by plants. As a beneficial macronutrient, Cl(−) determines increased fresh and dry biomass, greater leaf expansion, increased elongation of leaf and root cells, improved water relations, higher mesophyll diffusion to CO(2), and better water- and nitrogen-use efficiency. While optimal growth of plants requires the synchronic supply of both Cl(−) and NO(3)(−) molecules, the NO(3)(−)/Cl(−) plant selectivity varies between species and varieties, and in the same plant it can be modified by environmental cues such as water deficit or salinity. Recently, new genes encoding transporters mediating Cl(−) influx (ZmNPF6.4 and ZmNPF6.6), Cl(−) efflux (AtSLAH3 and AtSLAH1), and Cl(−) compartmentalization (AtDTX33, AtDTX35, AtALMT4, and GsCLC2) have been identified and characterized. These transporters have proven to be highly relevant for nutrition, long-distance transport and compartmentalization of Cl(−), as well as for cell turgor regulation and stress tolerance in plants.
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spelling pubmed-68014622019-10-31 Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation Colmenero-Flores, José M. Franco-Navarro, Juan D. Cubero-Font, Paloma Peinado-Torrubia, Procopio Rosales, Miguel A. Int J Mol Sci Review Chloride (Cl(−)) has traditionally been considered a micronutrient largely excluded by plants due to its ubiquity and abundance in nature, its antagonism with nitrate (NO(3)(−)), and its toxicity when accumulated at high concentrations. In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in this regard since Cl(−) has gone from being considered a harmful ion, accidentally absorbed through NO(3)(−) transporters, to being considered a beneficial macronutrient whose transport is finely regulated by plants. As a beneficial macronutrient, Cl(−) determines increased fresh and dry biomass, greater leaf expansion, increased elongation of leaf and root cells, improved water relations, higher mesophyll diffusion to CO(2), and better water- and nitrogen-use efficiency. While optimal growth of plants requires the synchronic supply of both Cl(−) and NO(3)(−) molecules, the NO(3)(−)/Cl(−) plant selectivity varies between species and varieties, and in the same plant it can be modified by environmental cues such as water deficit or salinity. Recently, new genes encoding transporters mediating Cl(−) influx (ZmNPF6.4 and ZmNPF6.6), Cl(−) efflux (AtSLAH3 and AtSLAH1), and Cl(−) compartmentalization (AtDTX33, AtDTX35, AtALMT4, and GsCLC2) have been identified and characterized. These transporters have proven to be highly relevant for nutrition, long-distance transport and compartmentalization of Cl(−), as well as for cell turgor regulation and stress tolerance in plants. MDPI 2019-09-21 /pmc/articles/PMC6801462/ /pubmed/31546641 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194686 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Colmenero-Flores, José M.
Franco-Navarro, Juan D.
Cubero-Font, Paloma
Peinado-Torrubia, Procopio
Rosales, Miguel A.
Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation
title Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation
title_full Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation
title_fullStr Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation
title_full_unstemmed Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation
title_short Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation
title_sort chloride as a beneficial macronutrient in higher plants: new roles and regulation
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6801462/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546641
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194686
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