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Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver

The liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate...

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Autores principales: Soria-Jasso, Luis E., Cariño-Cortés, Raquel, Muñoz-Pérez, Víctor Manuel, Pérez-Hernández, Elizabeth, Pérez-Hernández, Nury, Fernández-Martínez, Eduardo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6801544/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546715
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194694
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author Soria-Jasso, Luis E.
Cariño-Cortés, Raquel
Muñoz-Pérez, Víctor Manuel
Pérez-Hernández, Elizabeth
Pérez-Hernández, Nury
Fernández-Martínez, Eduardo
author_facet Soria-Jasso, Luis E.
Cariño-Cortés, Raquel
Muñoz-Pérez, Víctor Manuel
Pérez-Hernández, Elizabeth
Pérez-Hernández, Nury
Fernández-Martínez, Eduardo
author_sort Soria-Jasso, Luis E.
collection PubMed
description The liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate the liver functions, but the sex hormones also exert a strong influence on this sexually dimorphic organ, via their receptors expressed in liver, in both health and disease. Besides, the liver modifies the actions of sex hormones through their metabolism and transport proteins. Given the anatomical position and physiological importance of liver, this organ is evidenced as an immune vigilante that mediates the systemic immune response, and, in turn, the immune system regulates the hepatic functions. Such feedback is performed by cytokines. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are strongly involved in hepatic homeostasis and in pathological states; indeed, female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens have immunomodulatory effects in the liver and the whole organism. To analyze the complex and interesting beneficial or deleterious effects of these drugs by their immunomodulatory actions in the liver can provide the basis for either their pharmacological use in therapeutic treatments or to avoid their intake in some diseases.
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spelling pubmed-68015442019-10-31 Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver Soria-Jasso, Luis E. Cariño-Cortés, Raquel Muñoz-Pérez, Víctor Manuel Pérez-Hernández, Elizabeth Pérez-Hernández, Nury Fernández-Martínez, Eduardo Int J Mol Sci Review The liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate the liver functions, but the sex hormones also exert a strong influence on this sexually dimorphic organ, via their receptors expressed in liver, in both health and disease. Besides, the liver modifies the actions of sex hormones through their metabolism and transport proteins. Given the anatomical position and physiological importance of liver, this organ is evidenced as an immune vigilante that mediates the systemic immune response, and, in turn, the immune system regulates the hepatic functions. Such feedback is performed by cytokines. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are strongly involved in hepatic homeostasis and in pathological states; indeed, female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens have immunomodulatory effects in the liver and the whole organism. To analyze the complex and interesting beneficial or deleterious effects of these drugs by their immunomodulatory actions in the liver can provide the basis for either their pharmacological use in therapeutic treatments or to avoid their intake in some diseases. MDPI 2019-09-22 /pmc/articles/PMC6801544/ /pubmed/31546715 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194694 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Soria-Jasso, Luis E.
Cariño-Cortés, Raquel
Muñoz-Pérez, Víctor Manuel
Pérez-Hernández, Elizabeth
Pérez-Hernández, Nury
Fernández-Martínez, Eduardo
Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_full Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_fullStr Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_full_unstemmed Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_short Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver
title_sort beneficial and deleterious effects of female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens by immunomodulation on the liver
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6801544/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546715
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194694
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