Stringent response regulators (p)ppGpp and DksA positively regulate virulence and host adaptation of Xanthomonas citri

The bacterial stringent response is a response to nutrition deprivation and other stress conditions. In Gram‐negative bacteria, this process is mediated by the small signal molecules guanosine pentaphosphate pppGpp and guanosine tetraphosphate ppGpp (collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp), and the RNA polymerase‐binding transcription factor DksA. The (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA and the bifunctional (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase SpoT are responsible for cellular (p)ppGpp levels. Here, we investigated the roles of DksA and (p)ppGpp in the virulence traits of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker. ΔdksA and (p)ppGpp‐deficient ΔspoTΔrelA strains caused reduced virulence and compromised growth in host plants, indicating that DksA and (p)ppGpp are required for full virulence of Xcc. To characterize the effect of stringent response regulators on gene expression, RNA‐seq was conducted using ΔdksA and ΔspoTΔrelA mutant strains grown in hrp‐inducing XVM2 medium. Transcriptome analyses showed that DksA and (p)ppGpp repressed the expression of genes encoding tRNAs, ribosome proteins, iron acquisition and flagellum assembly, and enhanced the expression of genes for histidine metabolism, type 3 secretion system (T3SS), type 2 secretion system (T2SS) and TonB‐dependent transporters. Phenotypically, the ΔdksA and ΔspoTΔrelA strains displayed altered motility, enhanced siderophore production and were unable to cause the hypersensitive response on non‐host plants. In conclusion, stringent response regulators DksA and (p)ppGpp play an important role in virulence, nutrition uptake and host adaptation of Xcc.