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Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture
Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) have potential for providing real-time data for agriculture and other industries without exposing sensors and communication infrastructure to damage. However, soil is a difficult environment for radio communication due to its dielectric properties and var...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6806308/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31569493 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194232 |
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author | Hardie, Marcus Hoyle, Donald |
author_facet | Hardie, Marcus Hoyle, Donald |
author_sort | Hardie, Marcus |
collection | PubMed |
description | Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) have potential for providing real-time data for agriculture and other industries without exposing sensors and communication infrastructure to damage. However, soil is a difficult environment for radio communication due to its dielectric properties and variable moisture content. Low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have been used to develop aboveground sensor networks for many industries, but have not yet been successfully developed for underground applications. In this study, we developed a 433-MHz LoRa-based testbed for evaluating both underground-to-underground (UG2UG) and underground-to-aboveground (UG2AG) wireless communication technologies in four in situ soils. The maximum transmission distance for UG2UG operation was 4–20 m depending on soil type, whilst UG2AG operation was able to communicate up to 100–200 m, depending on the operating variables and soil properties. Signal quality and the maximum transmission distance were influenced by transmitter (TX) burial depth, TX power, data rate, receiver (RX) antenna type, and to a lesser extent, soil parameters. Results suggest that with improvements to power management, the development of 433-MHz LoRa-based UG2AG WUSNs for agricultural applications is readily achievable, whilst UG2UG applications appear unlikely without substantial improvement in transmission distance. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6806308 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-68063082019-11-07 Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture Hardie, Marcus Hoyle, Donald Sensors (Basel) Article Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) have potential for providing real-time data for agriculture and other industries without exposing sensors and communication infrastructure to damage. However, soil is a difficult environment for radio communication due to its dielectric properties and variable moisture content. Low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have been used to develop aboveground sensor networks for many industries, but have not yet been successfully developed for underground applications. In this study, we developed a 433-MHz LoRa-based testbed for evaluating both underground-to-underground (UG2UG) and underground-to-aboveground (UG2AG) wireless communication technologies in four in situ soils. The maximum transmission distance for UG2UG operation was 4–20 m depending on soil type, whilst UG2AG operation was able to communicate up to 100–200 m, depending on the operating variables and soil properties. Signal quality and the maximum transmission distance were influenced by transmitter (TX) burial depth, TX power, data rate, receiver (RX) antenna type, and to a lesser extent, soil parameters. Results suggest that with improvements to power management, the development of 433-MHz LoRa-based UG2AG WUSNs for agricultural applications is readily achievable, whilst UG2UG applications appear unlikely without substantial improvement in transmission distance. MDPI 2019-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC6806308/ /pubmed/31569493 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194232 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Hardie, Marcus Hoyle, Donald Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture |
title | Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture |
title_full | Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture |
title_fullStr | Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture |
title_full_unstemmed | Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture |
title_short | Underground Wireless Data Transmission Using 433-MHz LoRa for Agriculture |
title_sort | underground wireless data transmission using 433-mhz lora for agriculture |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6806308/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31569493 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194232 |
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