g-C(3)N(4)-Mediated Synthesis of Cu(2)O To Obtain Porous Composites with Improved Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes

[Image: see text] A highly porous architecture of graphitic carbon nitride g-C(3)N(4)/Cu(2)O nanocomposite in the form of cubes with a side length of ≈ 1 μm, large pores of 1.5 nm, and a high surface area of 9.12 m(2)/g was realized by an optimized in situ synthesis protocol. The synthesis protocol involves dispersing a suitable “Cu” precursor into a highly exfoliated g-C(3)N(4) suspension and initiating the reaction for the formation of Cu(2)O. Systematic optimization of the conditions and compositions resulted in a highly crystalline g-C(3)N(4)/Cu(2)O composite. In the absence of g-C(3)N(4), the Cu(2)O particles assemble into cubes with a size of around 300 nm and are devoid of pores. Detailed structural and morphological evaluations by powder X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of highly exfoliated g-C(3)N(4), which is responsible for the formation of the porous architecture in the cube like assembly of the composite. The micrographs clearly reveal the porous structure of the composite that retains the cubic shape of Cu(2)O, and the energy-dispersive spectroscopy supports the presence of g-C(3)N(4) within the cubic morphology. Among the different g-C(3)N(4)/Cu(2)O compositions, CN/Cu-5 with 10% of g-C(3)N(4), which is also the optimum composition resulting in a porous cubic morphology, shows the best visible light photocatalytic performance. This has been supported by the ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) studies of the composite which shows a band gap of around 2.05 eV. The improved photocatalytic performance of the composite could be attributed to the highly porous morphology along with the suitable optical band gap in the visible region of the solar spectrum. The optimized composite, CN/Cu-5, demonstrates a visible light degradation of 81% for Methylene Blue (MB) and 85.3% for Rhodamine-B (RhB) in 120 min. The decrease in the catalyst performance even after three repeated cycles is less than 5% for both MB and RhB dyes. The rate constant for MB and RhB degradation is six and eight times higher with CN/Cu-5 when compared with the pure Cu(2)O catalyst. To validate our claim that the dye degradation is not merely decolorization, liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy studies were carried out, and the end products of the degraded dyes were identified.