Mathematical analysis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of micropolar nanofluid under buoyancy effects past a vertical shrinking surface: dual solutions

In this paper, we explore dual solutions of MHD flow, heat and mass transfer of micropolar nanofluid over a linear vertical shrinking surface with buoyancy effects, which was not considered in the previous works. The governing fluid flow equations of this problem are transformed into nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying similarity variables. The resultant BVPs are converted into initial value problems (IVPs) by using shooting method which then resolved by employing Runge Kutta of order four. The impacts of the governing parameters, such as suction parameter, material parameter, Richardson number, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters on velocity, angular velocity, temperature, and concentration are illustrated graphically. The results indicate that the existence of a range of dual solutions and no-solutions. When Richardson number ([Formula: see text] is increased, the reduction of the velocity of micropolar nanofluid has occurred in the second solution. The stability analysis on dual solutions, however, reveals that only the first solution is stable.