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Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells from the immune system and has thus developed tools to circumvent the host immunity and use it in its advance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the first immune cells to encounter the HIV, and being the main antigen (Ag) presenting cells, they link the innat...

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Autores principales: Martín-Moreno, Alba, Muñoz-Fernández, Mª Angeles
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820366/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31708924
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02485
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author Martín-Moreno, Alba
Muñoz-Fernández, Mª Angeles
author_facet Martín-Moreno, Alba
Muñoz-Fernández, Mª Angeles
author_sort Martín-Moreno, Alba
collection PubMed
description Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells from the immune system and has thus developed tools to circumvent the host immunity and use it in its advance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the first immune cells to encounter the HIV, and being the main antigen (Ag) presenting cells, they link the innate and the adaptive immune responses. While DCs work to promote an efficient immune response and halt the infection, HIV-1 has ways to take advantage of their role and uses DCs to gain faster and more efficient access to CD4(+) T cells. Due to their ability to activate a specific immune response, DCs are promising candidates to achieve the functional cure of HIV-1 infection, but knowing the molecular partakers that determine the relationship between virus and cell is the key for the rational and successful design of a DC-based therapy. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on how both DC subsets (myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs) act in presence of HIV-1, and focus on different pathways that the virus can take after binding to DC. First, we explore the consequences of HIV-1 recognition by each receptor on DCs, including CD4 and DC-SIGN. Second, we look at cellular mechanisms that prevent productive infection and weapons that turn cellular defense into a Trojan horse that hides the virus all the way to T cell. Finally, we discuss the possible outcomes of DC-T cell contact.
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spelling pubmed-68203662019-11-08 Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1 Martín-Moreno, Alba Muñoz-Fernández, Mª Angeles Front Immunol Immunology Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells from the immune system and has thus developed tools to circumvent the host immunity and use it in its advance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the first immune cells to encounter the HIV, and being the main antigen (Ag) presenting cells, they link the innate and the adaptive immune responses. While DCs work to promote an efficient immune response and halt the infection, HIV-1 has ways to take advantage of their role and uses DCs to gain faster and more efficient access to CD4(+) T cells. Due to their ability to activate a specific immune response, DCs are promising candidates to achieve the functional cure of HIV-1 infection, but knowing the molecular partakers that determine the relationship between virus and cell is the key for the rational and successful design of a DC-based therapy. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on how both DC subsets (myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs) act in presence of HIV-1, and focus on different pathways that the virus can take after binding to DC. First, we explore the consequences of HIV-1 recognition by each receptor on DCs, including CD4 and DC-SIGN. Second, we look at cellular mechanisms that prevent productive infection and weapons that turn cellular defense into a Trojan horse that hides the virus all the way to T cell. Finally, we discuss the possible outcomes of DC-T cell contact. Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-10-23 /pmc/articles/PMC6820366/ /pubmed/31708924 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02485 Text en Copyright © 2019 Martín-Moreno and Muñoz-Fernández. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Martín-Moreno, Alba
Muñoz-Fernández, Mª Angeles
Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1
title Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1
title_full Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1
title_fullStr Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1
title_full_unstemmed Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1
title_short Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1
title_sort dendritic cells, the double agent in the war against hiv-1
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820366/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31708924
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02485
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