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Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age
Tobacco smoking causes cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and various cancers. Understanding the population-based characteristics associated with smoking and the cause of death is important to improve survival. This study sought to evaluate the differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-ca...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6821404/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31665159 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224486 |
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author | Choi, Wonsuk Kim, Sun-Hwa Kang, Si-Hyuck Park, Jin Joo Yoon, Chang-Hwan Youn, Tae-Jin Chae, In-Ho |
author_facet | Choi, Wonsuk Kim, Sun-Hwa Kang, Si-Hyuck Park, Jin Joo Yoon, Chang-Hwan Youn, Tae-Jin Chae, In-Ho |
author_sort | Choi, Wonsuk |
collection | PubMed |
description | Tobacco smoking causes cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and various cancers. Understanding the population-based characteristics associated with smoking and the cause of death is important to improve survival. This study sought to evaluate the differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. Data from 514,866 healthy adults who underwent national health screening in South Korea were analyzed. The participants were divided into three groups: never-smoker, ex-smoker or current smoker according to the smoking status. The incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of cardiac or non-cardiac deaths according to smoking status and age groups during the 10-year follow-up were calculated to evaluate the differential risk of smoking. Over the follow-up period, 6,192 and 24,443 cardiac and non-cardiac deaths had occurred, respectively. The estimated incidence rate of cardiac and non-cardiac death gradually increased in older age groups and was higher in current smokers and ex-smokers than that in never-smokers among all age groups. After adjustment of covariates, the HRs for cardiac death of current smokers compared to never-smokers were the highest in individuals in their 40’s (1.82; 95% CI, 1.45–2.28); this gradually decreased to 0.96 (95% CI, 0.67–1.38) in individuals >80 years. In contrast, the HRs for non-cardiac death peaked in individuals in their 50’s, (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.57–1.82) and was sustained in those >80 years (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.17–1.69). Ex-smokers did not show elevated risk of cardiac death compared to never-smokers in any age group, whereas they showed significantly higher risk of non-cardiac death in their 60’s and 70’s (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19–1.39; HR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.12–1.32, respectively). Acute myocardial infarction and lung cancer showed patterns similar to those of cardiac and non-cardiac death, respectively. Smoking was associated with higher relative risk of cardiac death in the middle-aged group and non-cardiac death in the older age group. Ex-smokers in the older age group had elevated risk of non-cardiac death. To prevent early cardiac death and late non-cardiac death, smoking cessation should be emphasized as early as possible. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6821404 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-68214042019-11-08 Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age Choi, Wonsuk Kim, Sun-Hwa Kang, Si-Hyuck Park, Jin Joo Yoon, Chang-Hwan Youn, Tae-Jin Chae, In-Ho PLoS One Research Article Tobacco smoking causes cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and various cancers. Understanding the population-based characteristics associated with smoking and the cause of death is important to improve survival. This study sought to evaluate the differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age. Data from 514,866 healthy adults who underwent national health screening in South Korea were analyzed. The participants were divided into three groups: never-smoker, ex-smoker or current smoker according to the smoking status. The incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of cardiac or non-cardiac deaths according to smoking status and age groups during the 10-year follow-up were calculated to evaluate the differential risk of smoking. Over the follow-up period, 6,192 and 24,443 cardiac and non-cardiac deaths had occurred, respectively. The estimated incidence rate of cardiac and non-cardiac death gradually increased in older age groups and was higher in current smokers and ex-smokers than that in never-smokers among all age groups. After adjustment of covariates, the HRs for cardiac death of current smokers compared to never-smokers were the highest in individuals in their 40’s (1.82; 95% CI, 1.45–2.28); this gradually decreased to 0.96 (95% CI, 0.67–1.38) in individuals >80 years. In contrast, the HRs for non-cardiac death peaked in individuals in their 50’s, (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.57–1.82) and was sustained in those >80 years (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.17–1.69). Ex-smokers did not show elevated risk of cardiac death compared to never-smokers in any age group, whereas they showed significantly higher risk of non-cardiac death in their 60’s and 70’s (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19–1.39; HR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.12–1.32, respectively). Acute myocardial infarction and lung cancer showed patterns similar to those of cardiac and non-cardiac death, respectively. Smoking was associated with higher relative risk of cardiac death in the middle-aged group and non-cardiac death in the older age group. Ex-smokers in the older age group had elevated risk of non-cardiac death. To prevent early cardiac death and late non-cardiac death, smoking cessation should be emphasized as early as possible. Public Library of Science 2019-10-30 /pmc/articles/PMC6821404/ /pubmed/31665159 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224486 Text en © 2019 Choi et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Choi, Wonsuk Kim, Sun-Hwa Kang, Si-Hyuck Park, Jin Joo Yoon, Chang-Hwan Youn, Tae-Jin Chae, In-Ho Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age |
title | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age |
title_full | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age |
title_fullStr | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age |
title_full_unstemmed | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age |
title_short | Differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age |
title_sort | differential impact of smoking on cardiac or non-cardiac death according to age |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6821404/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31665159 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224486 |
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