Geographical Variation in Outcomes of Primary Hip and Knee Replacement

IMPORTANCE: Little is known about variation in outcomes of surgery or about the factors associated with such variation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate variation in patient outcomes and costs for primary hip and knee replacement across health areas in England and to identify whether patient, surgical, or hospital factors are associated with such variation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used data from the National Joint Registry, linked to English Hospital Episode Statistics and Patient Reported Outcome Measures data sets, for 383 382 adult patients who underwent primary total hip replacement (THR) or primary total and unicompartmental knee replacement (TKR) surgical procedures from January 2014 to December 2016. Geographical Information Systems were used to display maps describing adjusted estimates of variation in outcomes across health areas. Data analysis took place from January 2018 to August 2019. EXPOSURES: Patient characteristics (eg, age, sex, body mass index [BMI], and socioeconomic deprivation), surgical factors (eg, surgeon volume and grade), and hospital organizational factors (eg, number of operating theaters, number of specialist consultants, and hospital volume). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Length of stay (LOS), bed-day costs, change in Oxford hip or knee scores 6 months after surgery, and complications 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 173 107 patients (mean [SD] age, 69.3 [10.7] years; mean [SD] BMI, 28.9 [5.2]) underwent primary THR and 210 275 patients (mean [SD] age 69.7 [9.4] years; mean [SD] BMI, 31.1 [5.5]) underwent primary TKR, nested in 207 health areas. A number of factors were associated with longer LOS, higher bed-day costs, smaller changes in Oxford hip or knee scores, and a higher percentage of complications, including a workforce with a higher number of less experienced physicians (eg, LOS for less experienced surgeons, THR: regression coefficient, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03; P < .001; TKR: regression coefficient, 0.01; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.02; P < .001), public hospitals (eg, bed-day costs for private hospitals, THR: regression coefficient, −0.15; 95% CI, −0.15 to −0.14; P < .001; TKR: regression coefficient, −0.19; 95% CI, −0.19 to −0.19; P < .001), low volume of surgical procedures per surgeon (eg, change in Oxford hip or knee scores for lead surgeon with ≤10 vs >150 surgical procedures per year, THR: regression coefficient, −1.03; 95% CI, −1.47 to −0.58; P < .001; TKR: regression coefficient, −0.54; 95% CI, −1.01 to −0.06), and low volume of surgical procedures per hospital (eg, percentage of complications for hospitals with ≤200 vs ≥500 surgical procedures per year, THR: regression coefficient, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.21; P < .001; TKR: regression coefficient, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.18; P = .03). Although these factors did not attenuate the magnitude of variation across health areas, they had ecological correlations with the observed geographical variations in outcomes of surgery by health area. For example, the percentage of public and private hospitals was ecologically correlated at the health area level with longer and shorter stays, respectively (public hospital, THR: ρ, 0.41; public hospital, TKR: ρ, 0.44; private hospital, THR: ρ, −0.37; private hospital, THR: ρ, −0.38). Across health areas, estimated mean length of stay ranged from 3 to 7 days, and associated bed-day costs ranged from £4727 ($5827) to £8800 ($10 848) for both total hip and knee replacement. The absolute estimated mean change in Oxford hip score varied from 18.7 to 24.6 points and, for Oxford knee score, from 13.1 to 18.8. Estimated 6-month complications ranged from 2.9% to 5.8% for both THR and TKR. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, models indicated that higher surgical volume by surgeon and by hospital as well as private hospitals were associated with better patient outcomes, which could be explained by the changing case mix of public hospitals treating an increasing number of more complex patients. A higher proportion of less experienced physicians was associated with poorer outcomes. This variation was observed geographically.