Risk and early predictive factors of anastomotic leakage in laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: In recent years, laparoscopic surgery has been widely used for rectal cancer. In laparoscopic rectal surgery, a double-stapling technique (DST) anastomosis using a stapling device is considered a relatively difficult procedure. Postoperative anastomotic leakage (AL) is a major complication related to patients’ quality of life and prognosis. METHODS: This study was a retrospective, single-institution study of 101 rectal cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic low anterior resection (LAR) with DST anastomosis (excluding simultaneous resection of other organs and construction of protective diverting stoma) between February 2008 and November 2017 at the Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine. This study aimed to identify risk and early predictive factors of AL. RESULTS: Among 101 patients, symptomatic AL occurred in 13 patients (12.9%), of whom 10 were male and 3 were female. Their median BMI was 22.7 kg/m(2) (range, 17.9–26.4 kg/m(2)). Among the pre- and intraoperative factors, AL was significantly associated with tumor location (lower rectum), distance from the anal verge (< 6 cm), intraoperative blood loss (≥ 50 ml), and the number of linear staples (≥ 2) in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only intraoperative blood loss (≥ 50 ml, odds ratio [OR] 4.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–19.52; p = 0.045) was identified as an independent risk factor for AL. Among the postoperative factors, AL was significantly associated with tachycardia-POD1 (≥ 100 bpm), CRP-POD3 (≥ 15 mg/dl), fever on postoperative day (fever-POD) 3 (≥ 38 °C), and first defecation day after surgery (< POD3) in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, fever-POD3 (≥ 38 °C, OR 30.97; 95% CI 4.68–311.22; p = 0.0003) and first defecation day after surgery (< POD3, OR 5.82; 95% CI 1.34–31.30; p = 0.019) were identified as early predictive factors for AL. CONCLUSION: In this study, intraoperative blood loss was an indicator of difficulty in a transection and anastomosing procedure, and fever-POD3 and early first defecation day after surgery were independent early predictive factors for AL. Careful surgery using an appropriate technique and standardized procedures with minimal bleeding and careful postoperative management paying attention to fever and defecation may prevent the onset and severity of AL.