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Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals
Background: Education level is one of the strongest protective factors against high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggest that the protective effects of education level tend to be weaker for racial and ethnic minority groups relative to non...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6826997/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31554198 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9100103 |
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author | Assari, Shervin Bazargan, Mohsen |
author_facet | Assari, Shervin Bazargan, Mohsen |
author_sort | Assari, Shervin |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Education level is one of the strongest protective factors against high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggest that the protective effects of education level tend to be weaker for racial and ethnic minority groups relative to non-Hispanic White people. Only two previous studies have shown that MDRs may also apply to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals; however, these studies have focused on outcomes other than tobacco use. Aims: To compare LGB and non-LGB American adults for the effects of education level on cigarette-smoking status. Methods: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013) entered 31,480 American adults who were either non-LGB (n = 29,303, 93.1%) or LGB (n = 2,177; 6.9%). The independent variable was education level. The dependent variable was current established cigarette smoking. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, poverty status, employment, and region were the covariates. LGB status was the moderator. Results: Overall, individuals with higher education level (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69) had lower odds of current established smoking. We found a significant interaction between LGB status and education level suggesting that the protective effect of education level on smoking status is systemically smaller for LGB people than non-LGB individuals (OR for interaction = 1.19). Conclusions: Similar to the patterns that are shown for racial and ethnic minorities, MDRs can be observed for the effects of education level among sexual minorities. In the United States, highly educated LGB adults remain at high risk of smoking cigarettes, a risk which is disproportionate to their education level. In other terms, high education level better helps non-LGB than LGB individuals to avoid cigarette smoking. The result is a relatively high burden of tobacco use in highly educated LGB individuals. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6826997 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-68269972019-11-18 Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals Assari, Shervin Bazargan, Mohsen Behav Sci (Basel) Article Background: Education level is one of the strongest protective factors against high-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), however, suggest that the protective effects of education level tend to be weaker for racial and ethnic minority groups relative to non-Hispanic White people. Only two previous studies have shown that MDRs may also apply to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals; however, these studies have focused on outcomes other than tobacco use. Aims: To compare LGB and non-LGB American adults for the effects of education level on cigarette-smoking status. Methods: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013) entered 31,480 American adults who were either non-LGB (n = 29,303, 93.1%) or LGB (n = 2,177; 6.9%). The independent variable was education level. The dependent variable was current established cigarette smoking. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, poverty status, employment, and region were the covariates. LGB status was the moderator. Results: Overall, individuals with higher education level (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69) had lower odds of current established smoking. We found a significant interaction between LGB status and education level suggesting that the protective effect of education level on smoking status is systemically smaller for LGB people than non-LGB individuals (OR for interaction = 1.19). Conclusions: Similar to the patterns that are shown for racial and ethnic minorities, MDRs can be observed for the effects of education level among sexual minorities. In the United States, highly educated LGB adults remain at high risk of smoking cigarettes, a risk which is disproportionate to their education level. In other terms, high education level better helps non-LGB than LGB individuals to avoid cigarette smoking. The result is a relatively high burden of tobacco use in highly educated LGB individuals. MDPI 2019-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC6826997/ /pubmed/31554198 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9100103 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Assari, Shervin Bazargan, Mohsen Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals |
title | Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals |
title_full | Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals |
title_fullStr | Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals |
title_full_unstemmed | Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals |
title_short | Education Level and Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Individuals |
title_sort | education level and cigarette smoking: diminished returns of lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6826997/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31554198 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9100103 |
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