Cargando…
Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation procedures, and the procerus muscle is a major target in cases of glabellar transverse lines or rhytids. Although there have been many cadaveric studies of the procerus, its depth and thickness have not been investigated...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6832436/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31554222 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100560 |
_version_ | 1783466171923693568 |
---|---|
author | Cho, Younghoon Lee, Hyung-Jin Lee, Kang-Woo Lee, Kyu-Lim Kang, Jae Seung Kim, Hee-Jin |
author_facet | Cho, Younghoon Lee, Hyung-Jin Lee, Kang-Woo Lee, Kyu-Lim Kang, Jae Seung Kim, Hee-Jin |
author_sort | Cho, Younghoon |
collection | PubMed |
description | Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation procedures, and the procerus muscle is a major target in cases of glabellar transverse lines or rhytids. Although there have been many cadaveric studies of the procerus, its depth and thickness have not been investigated thoroughly. The aim of this study was to measure the depth and thickness of the procerus and identify the location of the intercanthal vein using ultrasonographic (US) imaging and the three-dimensional scanning method, which is needed to know to avoid side effects during BoNT injections. The morphology of the procerus was classified into two types based on the US images obtained at the glabella. The procerus was located deeper below the skin surface at the glabella than the sellion (3.8 ± 0.7 mm versus 2.7 ± 0.6 mm). The width of the procerus in US images increased from the sellion (10.9 ± 0.2 mm) to the glabella (14.5 ± 4.6 mm), whereas its thickness decreased (from 1.6 ± 0.6 mm to 1.1 ± 0.5 mm). The intercanthal vein was located 5.1 ± 4.0 mm superior to the sellion and 3.0 ± 0.6 mm below the skin’s surface. The present findings provide anatomical knowledge as well as the reference location information for use when injecting BoNT into the procerus. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6832436 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-68324362019-11-25 Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle Cho, Younghoon Lee, Hyung-Jin Lee, Kang-Woo Lee, Kyu-Lim Kang, Jae Seung Kim, Hee-Jin Toxins (Basel) Article Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation procedures, and the procerus muscle is a major target in cases of glabellar transverse lines or rhytids. Although there have been many cadaveric studies of the procerus, its depth and thickness have not been investigated thoroughly. The aim of this study was to measure the depth and thickness of the procerus and identify the location of the intercanthal vein using ultrasonographic (US) imaging and the three-dimensional scanning method, which is needed to know to avoid side effects during BoNT injections. The morphology of the procerus was classified into two types based on the US images obtained at the glabella. The procerus was located deeper below the skin surface at the glabella than the sellion (3.8 ± 0.7 mm versus 2.7 ± 0.6 mm). The width of the procerus in US images increased from the sellion (10.9 ± 0.2 mm) to the glabella (14.5 ± 4.6 mm), whereas its thickness decreased (from 1.6 ± 0.6 mm to 1.1 ± 0.5 mm). The intercanthal vein was located 5.1 ± 4.0 mm superior to the sellion and 3.0 ± 0.6 mm below the skin’s surface. The present findings provide anatomical knowledge as well as the reference location information for use when injecting BoNT into the procerus. MDPI 2019-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC6832436/ /pubmed/31554222 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100560 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Cho, Younghoon Lee, Hyung-Jin Lee, Kang-Woo Lee, Kyu-Lim Kang, Jae Seung Kim, Hee-Jin Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle |
title | Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle |
title_full | Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle |
title_fullStr | Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle |
title_full_unstemmed | Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle |
title_short | Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle |
title_sort | ultrasonographic and three-dimensional analyses at the glabella and radix of the nose for botulinum neurotoxin injection procedures into the procerus muscle |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6832436/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31554222 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100560 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT choyounghoon ultrasonographicandthreedimensionalanalysesattheglabellaandradixofthenoseforbotulinumneurotoxininjectionproceduresintotheprocerusmuscle AT leehyungjin ultrasonographicandthreedimensionalanalysesattheglabellaandradixofthenoseforbotulinumneurotoxininjectionproceduresintotheprocerusmuscle AT leekangwoo ultrasonographicandthreedimensionalanalysesattheglabellaandradixofthenoseforbotulinumneurotoxininjectionproceduresintotheprocerusmuscle AT leekyulim ultrasonographicandthreedimensionalanalysesattheglabellaandradixofthenoseforbotulinumneurotoxininjectionproceduresintotheprocerusmuscle AT kangjaeseung ultrasonographicandthreedimensionalanalysesattheglabellaandradixofthenoseforbotulinumneurotoxininjectionproceduresintotheprocerusmuscle AT kimheejin ultrasonographicandthreedimensionalanalysesattheglabellaandradixofthenoseforbotulinumneurotoxininjectionproceduresintotheprocerusmuscle |