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Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation procedures, and the procerus muscle is a major target in cases of glabellar transverse lines or rhytids. Although there have been many cadaveric studies of the procerus, its depth and thickness have not been investigated...

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Autores principales: Cho, Younghoon, Lee, Hyung-Jin, Lee, Kang-Woo, Lee, Kyu-Lim, Kang, Jae Seung, Kim, Hee-Jin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6832436/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31554222
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100560
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author Cho, Younghoon
Lee, Hyung-Jin
Lee, Kang-Woo
Lee, Kyu-Lim
Kang, Jae Seung
Kim, Hee-Jin
author_facet Cho, Younghoon
Lee, Hyung-Jin
Lee, Kang-Woo
Lee, Kyu-Lim
Kang, Jae Seung
Kim, Hee-Jin
author_sort Cho, Younghoon
collection PubMed
description Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation procedures, and the procerus muscle is a major target in cases of glabellar transverse lines or rhytids. Although there have been many cadaveric studies of the procerus, its depth and thickness have not been investigated thoroughly. The aim of this study was to measure the depth and thickness of the procerus and identify the location of the intercanthal vein using ultrasonographic (US) imaging and the three-dimensional scanning method, which is needed to know to avoid side effects during BoNT injections. The morphology of the procerus was classified into two types based on the US images obtained at the glabella. The procerus was located deeper below the skin surface at the glabella than the sellion (3.8 ± 0.7 mm versus 2.7 ± 0.6 mm). The width of the procerus in US images increased from the sellion (10.9 ± 0.2 mm) to the glabella (14.5 ± 4.6 mm), whereas its thickness decreased (from 1.6 ± 0.6 mm to 1.1 ± 0.5 mm). The intercanthal vein was located 5.1 ± 4.0 mm superior to the sellion and 3.0 ± 0.6 mm below the skin’s surface. The present findings provide anatomical knowledge as well as the reference location information for use when injecting BoNT into the procerus.
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spelling pubmed-68324362019-11-25 Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle Cho, Younghoon Lee, Hyung-Jin Lee, Kang-Woo Lee, Kyu-Lim Kang, Jae Seung Kim, Hee-Jin Toxins (Basel) Article Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation procedures, and the procerus muscle is a major target in cases of glabellar transverse lines or rhytids. Although there have been many cadaveric studies of the procerus, its depth and thickness have not been investigated thoroughly. The aim of this study was to measure the depth and thickness of the procerus and identify the location of the intercanthal vein using ultrasonographic (US) imaging and the three-dimensional scanning method, which is needed to know to avoid side effects during BoNT injections. The morphology of the procerus was classified into two types based on the US images obtained at the glabella. The procerus was located deeper below the skin surface at the glabella than the sellion (3.8 ± 0.7 mm versus 2.7 ± 0.6 mm). The width of the procerus in US images increased from the sellion (10.9 ± 0.2 mm) to the glabella (14.5 ± 4.6 mm), whereas its thickness decreased (from 1.6 ± 0.6 mm to 1.1 ± 0.5 mm). The intercanthal vein was located 5.1 ± 4.0 mm superior to the sellion and 3.0 ± 0.6 mm below the skin’s surface. The present findings provide anatomical knowledge as well as the reference location information for use when injecting BoNT into the procerus. MDPI 2019-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC6832436/ /pubmed/31554222 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100560 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Cho, Younghoon
Lee, Hyung-Jin
Lee, Kang-Woo
Lee, Kyu-Lim
Kang, Jae Seung
Kim, Hee-Jin
Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle
title Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle
title_full Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle
title_fullStr Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle
title_full_unstemmed Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle
title_short Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle
title_sort ultrasonographic and three-dimensional analyses at the glabella and radix of the nose for botulinum neurotoxin injection procedures into the procerus muscle
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6832436/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31554222
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100560
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