Alaska Native Traditional Food and Harvesting Activity Patterns over 10 Years of Follow-Up

BACKGROUND: Alaska Native (AN) traditional foods and associated harvesting activities are beneficial to human health. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed longitudinal self-reported traditional food use and harvesting activities among Alaska Native and American Indian (AN/AI) participants in the Alaska Education and Research Towards Health (EARTH) study. METHODS: In 2004–2006, southcentral Alaska EARTH study participants (n = 1320) completed diet and activity questionnaires which were repeated in 2015–2017; results were compared between participants who completed both questionnaires (n = 388). RESULTS: In the follow-up questionnaire, >93% of participants reported eating ≥1 traditional food in the past year. The top 3 traditional foods were fish (75%), moose (42%), and shellfish (41%). Women were more likely than men to consume traditional foods, especially fish, gathered berries, shellfish, and seal oil (P < 0.05). Participants aged ≥60 y in the original cohort were significantly more likely to consume fish and shellfish at follow-up, whereas those aged 40–59 y were the most likely of the 3 age groups to consume seal oil (P < 0.05). Between the original cohort and follow-up, there was a significant decline in the mean number of traditional foods eaten from 6.3 to 5.5, as well as reduced consumption of multiple traditional foods (P < 0.001). Over 59% of participants reported ≥1 traditional harvesting activity in the past year; this proportion did not significantly change between baseline and follow-up. Picking berries/greens (44%), cutting/smoking fish or meat (33%), and fishing (30%) were the most common activities. Participation in traditional harvesting activities was greater among women than men (P < 0.05), but did not differ by age. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal follow-up demonstrated that AN/AI people maintained participation in traditional harvesting activities, but the variety of traditional foods declined significantly among both men and women. Promotion of traditional foods and harvesting activities that serve as protective factors against chronic diseases may benefit this population.