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Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo

Wheat germ is rich in quinones that exist as glycosides. In this study, we used Celluclast 1.5L to release the hydroxyquinones, which turn into benzoquinone, and prepared the water extract from enzyme-treated wheat germ (EWG). We investigated whether enzyme treatment altered the anti-inflammatory ac...

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Autores principales: Song, Youngju, Jeong, Hee-Young, Lee, Jae-Kang, Choi, Yong-Seok, Kim, Dae-Ok, Jang, Davin, Park, Cheon-Seok, Maeng, Sungho, Kang, Hee
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835500/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31623257
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102490
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author Song, Youngju
Jeong, Hee-Young
Lee, Jae-Kang
Choi, Yong-Seok
Kim, Dae-Ok
Jang, Davin
Park, Cheon-Seok
Maeng, Sungho
Kang, Hee
author_facet Song, Youngju
Jeong, Hee-Young
Lee, Jae-Kang
Choi, Yong-Seok
Kim, Dae-Ok
Jang, Davin
Park, Cheon-Seok
Maeng, Sungho
Kang, Hee
author_sort Song, Youngju
collection PubMed
description Wheat germ is rich in quinones that exist as glycosides. In this study, we used Celluclast 1.5L to release the hydroxyquinones, which turn into benzoquinone, and prepared the water extract from enzyme-treated wheat germ (EWG). We investigated whether enzyme treatment altered the anti-inflammatory activity compared to the water extract of untreated wheat germ (UWG). UWG inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-12 and induced the production of IL-10 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Enzyme treatment resulted in greater inhibition of iNOS and IL-10 and induction of HO-1 compared to UWG, possibly involving the modulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Mice fed UWG or EWG had decreased serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and increased serum IL-10 levels after intraperitoneal injection of LPS, with UWG being more effective for IL-10 and EWG more effective for TNF-α. Hepatic HO-1 gene was only expressed in mice fed EWG. We provide evidence that enzyme treatment is a useful biotechnology tool for extracting active compounds from wheat germ.
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spelling pubmed-68355002019-11-25 Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo Song, Youngju Jeong, Hee-Young Lee, Jae-Kang Choi, Yong-Seok Kim, Dae-Ok Jang, Davin Park, Cheon-Seok Maeng, Sungho Kang, Hee Nutrients Article Wheat germ is rich in quinones that exist as glycosides. In this study, we used Celluclast 1.5L to release the hydroxyquinones, which turn into benzoquinone, and prepared the water extract from enzyme-treated wheat germ (EWG). We investigated whether enzyme treatment altered the anti-inflammatory activity compared to the water extract of untreated wheat germ (UWG). UWG inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-12 and induced the production of IL-10 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Enzyme treatment resulted in greater inhibition of iNOS and IL-10 and induction of HO-1 compared to UWG, possibly involving the modulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Mice fed UWG or EWG had decreased serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and increased serum IL-10 levels after intraperitoneal injection of LPS, with UWG being more effective for IL-10 and EWG more effective for TNF-α. Hepatic HO-1 gene was only expressed in mice fed EWG. We provide evidence that enzyme treatment is a useful biotechnology tool for extracting active compounds from wheat germ. MDPI 2019-10-16 /pmc/articles/PMC6835500/ /pubmed/31623257 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102490 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Song, Youngju
Jeong, Hee-Young
Lee, Jae-Kang
Choi, Yong-Seok
Kim, Dae-Ok
Jang, Davin
Park, Cheon-Seok
Maeng, Sungho
Kang, Hee
Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo
title Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo
title_full Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo
title_fullStr Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo
title_full_unstemmed Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo
title_short Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo
title_sort enzyme treatment alters the anti-inflammatory activity of the water extract of wheat germ in vitro and in vivo
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835500/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31623257
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102490
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