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Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations
Information about the accuracy of self-reported food and fluid intake during competitions is scarce. The objective of this study was to validate a previously developed food and fluid exercise questionnaire (FFEQ) against direct observations made during competitions in athletes. Fifty-eight recreatio...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835803/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31591334 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102391 |
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author | Wardenaar, Floris C. Hoogervorst, Daan van der Burg, Nancy Versteegen, Joline Yoo, Wonsuk Tasevska, Natasha |
author_facet | Wardenaar, Floris C. Hoogervorst, Daan van der Burg, Nancy Versteegen, Joline Yoo, Wonsuk Tasevska, Natasha |
author_sort | Wardenaar, Floris C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Information about the accuracy of self-reported food and fluid intake during competitions is scarce. The objective of this study was to validate a previously developed food and fluid exercise questionnaire (FFEQ) against direct observations made during competitions in athletes. Fifty-eight recreational endurance athletes participating in four different running events and one cross duathlon in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2017 were recruited. The FFEQ overestimated the median energy and carbohydrate intake by 27.6 kcal/h (20.6%) and 9.25 g/h (30.8%) (p < 0.001), respectively, compared to direct observation. Reporting bias (i.e., correlation between the difference between methods and average of both methods) increased with a higher energy (r: 0.41, p < 0.01) and carbohydrate intake (r: 0.44, p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between FFEQ-reported fluid intake per hour and observations (median difference: −2.93 mL, −1.1%; p = 0.48) and no fluid reporting bias was identified (r: 0.23, p = 0.08). FFEQ-reported energy (r: 0.74), carbohydrate (r: 0.74), and fluid (r: 0.85) intake was strongly correlated with the observed intake (all p-values < 0.001). In conclusion, the FFEQ accurately estimates the fluid intake on a group level during competitions in recreational athletes. Even though FFEQ overestimates the energy and carbohydrate intake, it is still a useful tool for ranking individuals based on their intake. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6835803 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-68358032019-11-25 Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations Wardenaar, Floris C. Hoogervorst, Daan van der Burg, Nancy Versteegen, Joline Yoo, Wonsuk Tasevska, Natasha Nutrients Article Information about the accuracy of self-reported food and fluid intake during competitions is scarce. The objective of this study was to validate a previously developed food and fluid exercise questionnaire (FFEQ) against direct observations made during competitions in athletes. Fifty-eight recreational endurance athletes participating in four different running events and one cross duathlon in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2017 were recruited. The FFEQ overestimated the median energy and carbohydrate intake by 27.6 kcal/h (20.6%) and 9.25 g/h (30.8%) (p < 0.001), respectively, compared to direct observation. Reporting bias (i.e., correlation between the difference between methods and average of both methods) increased with a higher energy (r: 0.41, p < 0.01) and carbohydrate intake (r: 0.44, p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between FFEQ-reported fluid intake per hour and observations (median difference: −2.93 mL, −1.1%; p = 0.48) and no fluid reporting bias was identified (r: 0.23, p = 0.08). FFEQ-reported energy (r: 0.74), carbohydrate (r: 0.74), and fluid (r: 0.85) intake was strongly correlated with the observed intake (all p-values < 0.001). In conclusion, the FFEQ accurately estimates the fluid intake on a group level during competitions in recreational athletes. Even though FFEQ overestimates the energy and carbohydrate intake, it is still a useful tool for ranking individuals based on their intake. MDPI 2019-10-07 /pmc/articles/PMC6835803/ /pubmed/31591334 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102391 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Wardenaar, Floris C. Hoogervorst, Daan van der Burg, Nancy Versteegen, Joline Yoo, Wonsuk Tasevska, Natasha Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations |
title | Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations |
title_full | Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations |
title_fullStr | Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations |
title_full_unstemmed | Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations |
title_short | Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations |
title_sort | validity of a food and fluid exercise questionnaire for macronutrient intake during exercise against observations |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835803/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31591334 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102391 |
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