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Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan

BACKGROUND: Malaria is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Pakistan is considered as a moderate malaria-endemic country but still, 177 million individuals are at risk of malaria. Roughly 60% of Pakistan’s population, live in malaria-endemic regions. The present study is based upon the survey...

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Autores principales: Qureshi, Naveeda Akhtar, Fatima, Huma, Afzal, Muhammad, Khattak, Aamir Ali, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6836532/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31694574
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4590-2
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author Qureshi, Naveeda Akhtar
Fatima, Huma
Afzal, Muhammad
Khattak, Aamir Ali
Nawaz, Muhammad Ali
author_facet Qureshi, Naveeda Akhtar
Fatima, Huma
Afzal, Muhammad
Khattak, Aamir Ali
Nawaz, Muhammad Ali
author_sort Qureshi, Naveeda Akhtar
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Malaria is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Pakistan is considered as a moderate malaria-endemic country but still, 177 million individuals are at risk of malaria. Roughly 60% of Pakistan’s population, live in malaria-endemic regions. The present study is based upon the survey of various health care centers in 10 major cities of Northern and Southern Punjab to find out the malarial infection patterns in 2015. The diagnosis, seasonal variations, age and gender-wise distribution of Plasmodium spp. circulating in the study area were also included in the objectives. METHODS: The malaria-suspected patients ‘16075’ were enrolled for malaria diagnosis using microscopy, out of which 925 were malaria positive which were processed for molecular analysis using nested PCR. The 18S rRNA genes of Plasmodium species were amplified, sequenced, blast and the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on sequences using online integrated tool MEGA7. RESULTS: The 364 cases recruited from Northern Punjab with the highest incidence in Rawalpindi (25.5%) and lowest in Chakwal (15.9%). From Southern Punjab 561 cases were enlisted Rajanpur (21.4%) maximum and lowest from Multan and Rahim Yar Khan (18%). The slide positivity rate, annual parasite incidence, and annual blood examination rates were 5.7 per 1000 population, 0.1, and 0.2% respectively. The only P. vivax (66.7%), P. falciparum (23.7%) and mixed infection by these two species (9.6%) were diagnosed. The same trend (P. vivax > P. falciparum > mixed infection) in species identification %age was confirmed from molecular analysis. However, the occurrence of malaria was higher in Southern Punjab (5.5%) as compared to the Northern Punjab (4.0%). The overall malaria percentage occurrence of treatment-seeking patients in all recruited cities of Punjab was 4.9%. The age-group of 1–20 and males among genders were more affected by malaria. The comparison of different seasons showed that the malaria infection was at a peak in Summer and post-monsoon. CONCLUSION: The incidence of malaria was high in the flood infected rural areas of Southern Punjab, Summer, and post-monsoon. The age group (1–20) and gender-wise males were more affected by malaria.
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spelling pubmed-68365322019-11-12 Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan Qureshi, Naveeda Akhtar Fatima, Huma Afzal, Muhammad Khattak, Aamir Ali Nawaz, Muhammad Ali BMC Infect Dis Research Article BACKGROUND: Malaria is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Pakistan is considered as a moderate malaria-endemic country but still, 177 million individuals are at risk of malaria. Roughly 60% of Pakistan’s population, live in malaria-endemic regions. The present study is based upon the survey of various health care centers in 10 major cities of Northern and Southern Punjab to find out the malarial infection patterns in 2015. The diagnosis, seasonal variations, age and gender-wise distribution of Plasmodium spp. circulating in the study area were also included in the objectives. METHODS: The malaria-suspected patients ‘16075’ were enrolled for malaria diagnosis using microscopy, out of which 925 were malaria positive which were processed for molecular analysis using nested PCR. The 18S rRNA genes of Plasmodium species were amplified, sequenced, blast and the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on sequences using online integrated tool MEGA7. RESULTS: The 364 cases recruited from Northern Punjab with the highest incidence in Rawalpindi (25.5%) and lowest in Chakwal (15.9%). From Southern Punjab 561 cases were enlisted Rajanpur (21.4%) maximum and lowest from Multan and Rahim Yar Khan (18%). The slide positivity rate, annual parasite incidence, and annual blood examination rates were 5.7 per 1000 population, 0.1, and 0.2% respectively. The only P. vivax (66.7%), P. falciparum (23.7%) and mixed infection by these two species (9.6%) were diagnosed. The same trend (P. vivax > P. falciparum > mixed infection) in species identification %age was confirmed from molecular analysis. However, the occurrence of malaria was higher in Southern Punjab (5.5%) as compared to the Northern Punjab (4.0%). The overall malaria percentage occurrence of treatment-seeking patients in all recruited cities of Punjab was 4.9%. The age-group of 1–20 and males among genders were more affected by malaria. The comparison of different seasons showed that the malaria infection was at a peak in Summer and post-monsoon. CONCLUSION: The incidence of malaria was high in the flood infected rural areas of Southern Punjab, Summer, and post-monsoon. The age group (1–20) and gender-wise males were more affected by malaria. BioMed Central 2019-11-06 /pmc/articles/PMC6836532/ /pubmed/31694574 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4590-2 Text en © The Author(s). 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research Article
Qureshi, Naveeda Akhtar
Fatima, Huma
Afzal, Muhammad
Khattak, Aamir Ali
Nawaz, Muhammad Ali
Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan
title Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan
title_full Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan
title_fullStr Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan
title_short Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan
title_sort occurrence and seasonal variation of human plasmodium infection in punjab province, pakistan
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6836532/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31694574
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4590-2
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