Longer life span is associated with elevated immune activity in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly

Seasonal polyphenism constitutes a specific type of phenotypic plasticity in which short‐lived organisms produce different phenotypes in different times of the year. Seasonal generations of such species frequently differ in their overall lifespan and in the values of traits closely related to fitness. Seasonal polyphenisms provide thus excellent, albeit underused model systems for studying trade‐offs between life‐history traits. Here, we compare immunological parameters between the two generations of the European map butterfly (Araschnia levana), a well‐known example of a seasonally polyphenic species. To reveal possible costs of immune defence, we also examine the concurrent differences in several life‐history traits. Both in laboratory experiments and in the field, last instar larvae heading towards the diapause (overwintering) had higher levels of both phenoloxidase (PO) activity and lytic activity than directly developing individuals. These results suggest that individuals from the diapausing generation with much longer juvenile (pupal) period invest more in their immune system than those from the short‐living directly developing generation. The revealed negative correlation between pupal mass and PO activity may be one of the reasons why, in this species, the diapausing generation has a smaller body size than the directly developing generation. Immunological parameters may thus well mediate trade‐offs between body size‐related traits.