Combined Hyperthermia and Radiation Therapy for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: There is no doubt that hyperthermia is one of the powerful radiosensitizers. Finding a proper mechanism working in hyperthermia/radiation combination is still pronounced challenge. OBJECTIVES: This study is focusing on the anti-cancer activities (anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and antiapoptotic) of thermoradiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was treated by 37(o)C, 40(o)C and 43(o)C hyperthermia degrees combined with three radiation doses (2 Gy, 4 Gy and 8 Gy) for 24, 48 and 72 hrs. Cell viability, apoptotic/necrotic cell screening, apoptotic (BAX and FasL) and antiapoptotic (BCL-2 and GRP78) genes, and pro-angiogenic mediators [vascular endothelial- (VEGF) and Platelet derived-growth factors (PDGF) ware investigated. RESULTS: Our data showed that 40(o)C temperature combined with 4 Gy radiation gives a significant decrease (p<0.05) in cell viability. Maximum cytotoxicity was reported 48 hr post-treatment followed by slight restoration of cell viability after 72 hr. Compared with untreated cells, only 5% of viable cells with a high percentage of apoptotic (31%) and necrotic (63%) cells were demonstrated in 40(o)C/4 Gy/48 hr group. Expression of pro-apoptotic genes (BAX and FasL) were increased after hyperthermia with apparent elevation in 40(o)C/4 Gy/48 hr group coincides with moderate expression of antiapoptotic BCL-2 and GRP78 genes. A significant reduction (p<0.001; p<0.05) in VEGF and PDGF levels; respectively was shown at 40(o)C/4 Gy/48 hr group. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study proposed 40(o)C mild temperature hyperthermia as a favorable hyperthermal condition with 4 Gy radiotherapy in HCC treatment. A further research has to be performed considering an application of more than one session of radiothermal therapy at 40(o)C/4 Gy for total abrogation of cancer cells.