Gray Matter Changes in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease and Relation to Cognition

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We summarize structural (s)MRI findings of gray matter (GM) atrophy related to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) in light of new analytical approaches and recent longitudinal studies results. RECENT FINDINGS: The hippocampus-to-cortex ratio seems to be the best sMRI biomarker to discriminate between various AD subtypes, following the spatial distribution of tau pathology, and predict rate of cognitive decline. PD is clinically far more variable than AD, with heterogeneous underlying brain pathology. Novel multivariate approaches have been used to describe patterns of early subcortical and cortical changes that relate to more malignant courses of PD. SUMMARY: New emerging analytical approaches that combine structural MRI data with clinical and other biomarker outcomes hold promise for detecting specific GM changes in the early stages of PD and preclinical AD that may predict mild cognitive impairment and dementia conversion. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11910-019-1006-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.