Transcriptomic analyses suggest a dominant role of insulin in the coordinated control of energy metabolism and ureagenesis in goat liver

BACKGROUND: The ureagenesis plays a central role in the homeostatic control of nitrogen metabolism. This process occurs in the liver, the key metabolic organ in the maintenance of energy homeostasis in the body. To date, the understanding of the influencing factors and regulators of ureagenesis in ruminants is still poor. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between energy metabolism and ureagenesis and detect the direct regulators of ureagenesis in the liver by using RNA-seq technology. RESULTS: Eighteen four-month-old male goats were divided into two groups randomly and received a diet containing 10% (LNFC group, n = 9) or 30% non-fiber carbohydrate (MNFC group, n = 9), respectively, for four weeks. The global gene expression analysis of liver samples showed that, compared with a LNFC diet, the MNFC diet promoted the expression of genes required for synthesis of fatty acid and glycerol, whereas it suppressed those related to fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis from amino acids and ureagenesis. Additionally, gene expression for rate-limiting enzymes of ureagenesis were highly correlated to the gene expression of key enzymes of both fatty acid synthesis and glycerol synthesis (Spearman correlation coefficient > 0.8 and p < 0.05). In the differentially expressed signaling pathways related to the endocrine system, the MNFC diet activated the insulin and PPAR signaling pathway, whereas it suppressed the leptin-JAK/STAT signaling pathway, compared with the LNFC diet. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR analyses of 40 differentially expressed genes confirmed the RNA-seq results (R(2) = 0.78). CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that a dietary NFC-induced increase of energy supply promoted lipid anabolism and decreased ureagenesis in the caprine liver. By combining our results with previously published reports, insulin signaling can be suggested to play the dominant role in the coordinated control of hepatic energy metabolism and ureagenesis.