Metabonomics window into plateau hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency in the plateau environment weakens aerobic metabolism and reduces the energy supply, leading to high-altitude diseases including decreased circulatory function, decreased nutrient and energy supply to tissues and organs, and decreased waste discharge. The involvement of many metabolic pathways is reflected in dramatic changes in levels of endogenous small molecule metabolites. Metabolomics represents a promising technique for mechanistic studies and drug screening, and metabonomics, or quantitative metabolomics, has been increasingly applied to the study of hypoxic diseases and their pathogenesis, as well as to pharmacodynamics at high altitudes. In this article, we review the recent literature on the pathogenesis of altitude hypoxia and the clinical and preclinical metabonomics of drug interventions. Endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways change significantly under high-altitude hypoxia. Some drug interventions have also been shown to regulate pathway metabolism, and the problems of applying metabonomics to hypoxic diseases at high altitude and the prospects for its future application are summarized.