Sufentanil impairs autophagic degradation and inhibits cell migration in NCI-H460 in vitro

Metastasis, which involves the spread of cancer cells to distant tissues and organs, is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality. Although the use of anesthetics and analgesics may affect cancer cell metastasis, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Autophagy is a lysosome-based dynamic intracellular catabolic process that serves a crucial role in cancer cell metastasis. In order to investigate the role of autophagy in the migration of cancer cells treated with analgesics, immunofluorescence, western blotting, wound healing assay and cell invasion assay were performed in the present study. The results from immunofluorescence and western blotting demonstrated that the opioid analgesic sufentanil stimulated LC3 induction in NCI-H460 cells. Furthermore, sufentanil increased LC3 and Beclin1 protein levels, but inhibited the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. In addition, sufentanil decreased cathepsin D protein level and increased p62 protein level. The addition of chloroquine (CQ) to sufentanil did not induce a further increase in LC3-II protein levels in NCI-H460 cells, suggesting the impairment of autophagic degradation. Furthermore, treatment with trehalose stimulated the migration of sufentanil-treated cells, whereas additional treatment with CQ did not further decrease the migration of sufentanil-treated cells. In addition, sufentanil co-treatment with trehalose significantly increased the invasion of lung cancer cells, whereas, additional treatment with CQ did not further reduce the invasion of sufentanil-treated cells. These results indicated that autophagy may be involved in the inhibition of NCI-H460 cell migration by sufentanil, and that sufentanil may be considered as a favorable analgesic for patients with lung cancer.