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Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds

Although mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in the developed world are falling, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not. Each year, the number of people either being diagnosed as suffering with CVD or undergoing a surgical procedure related to it, such as percutaneous coronary...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kavanagh, Dean Philip John, Kalia, Neena
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901937/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31849965
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02782
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author Kavanagh, Dean Philip John
Kalia, Neena
author_facet Kavanagh, Dean Philip John
Kalia, Neena
author_sort Kavanagh, Dean Philip John
collection PubMed
description Although mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in the developed world are falling, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not. Each year, the number of people either being diagnosed as suffering with CVD or undergoing a surgical procedure related to it, such as percutaneous coronary intervention, continues to increase. In order to ensure that we can effectively manage these diseases in the future, it is critical that we fully understand their basic physiology and their underlying causative factors. Over recent years, the important role of the cardiac microcirculation in both acute and chronic disorders of the heart has become clear. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into the cardiac microcirculation and their subsequent activation may contribute significantly to tissue damage, adverse remodeling, and poor outcomes during recovery. However, our basic understanding of the cardiac microcirculation is hampered by an historic inability to image the microvessels of the beating heart—something we have been able to achieve in other organs for over 100 years. This stems from a couple of clear and obvious difficulties related to imaging the heart—firstly, it has significant inherent contractile motion and is affected considerably by the movement of lungs. Secondly, it is located in an anatomically challenging position for microscopy. However, recent microscopic and technological developments have allowed us to overcome some of these challenges and to begin to answer some of the basic outstanding questions in cardiac microvascular physiology, particularly in relation to inflammatory cell recruitment. In this review, we will discuss some of the historic work that took place in the latter part of last century toward cardiac intravital, before moving onto the advanced work that has been performed since. This work, which has utilized technology such as spinning-disk confocal and multiphoton microscopy, has—along with some significant advancements in algorithms and software—unlocked our ability to image the “business end” of the cardiac vascular tree. This review will provide an overview of these techniques, as well as some practical pointers toward software and other tools that may be useful for other researchers who are considering utilizing this technique themselves.
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spelling pubmed-69019372019-12-17 Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds Kavanagh, Dean Philip John Kalia, Neena Front Immunol Immunology Although mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in the developed world are falling, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not. Each year, the number of people either being diagnosed as suffering with CVD or undergoing a surgical procedure related to it, such as percutaneous coronary intervention, continues to increase. In order to ensure that we can effectively manage these diseases in the future, it is critical that we fully understand their basic physiology and their underlying causative factors. Over recent years, the important role of the cardiac microcirculation in both acute and chronic disorders of the heart has become clear. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into the cardiac microcirculation and their subsequent activation may contribute significantly to tissue damage, adverse remodeling, and poor outcomes during recovery. However, our basic understanding of the cardiac microcirculation is hampered by an historic inability to image the microvessels of the beating heart—something we have been able to achieve in other organs for over 100 years. This stems from a couple of clear and obvious difficulties related to imaging the heart—firstly, it has significant inherent contractile motion and is affected considerably by the movement of lungs. Secondly, it is located in an anatomically challenging position for microscopy. However, recent microscopic and technological developments have allowed us to overcome some of these challenges and to begin to answer some of the basic outstanding questions in cardiac microvascular physiology, particularly in relation to inflammatory cell recruitment. In this review, we will discuss some of the historic work that took place in the latter part of last century toward cardiac intravital, before moving onto the advanced work that has been performed since. This work, which has utilized technology such as spinning-disk confocal and multiphoton microscopy, has—along with some significant advancements in algorithms and software—unlocked our ability to image the “business end” of the cardiac vascular tree. This review will provide an overview of these techniques, as well as some practical pointers toward software and other tools that may be useful for other researchers who are considering utilizing this technique themselves. Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-11-26 /pmc/articles/PMC6901937/ /pubmed/31849965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02782 Text en Copyright © 2019 Kavanagh and Kalia. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Kavanagh, Dean Philip John
Kalia, Neena
Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds
title Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds
title_full Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds
title_fullStr Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds
title_full_unstemmed Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds
title_short Live Intravital Imaging of Cellular Trafficking in the Cardiac Microvasculature—Beating the Odds
title_sort live intravital imaging of cellular trafficking in the cardiac microvasculature—beating the odds
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901937/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31849965
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02782
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