Cargando…

Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of RNA that is not translated into proteins. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a type of ncRNA, are the second most abundant type of RNA in cells. Recent studies have shown that tRNAs can be cleaved into a heterogeneous population of ncRNAs with lengths of 18–40 nucleotides,...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Qin, Chuan, Xu, Pei-Pei, Zhang, Xin, Zhang, Chao, Liu, Chang-Bin, Yang, De-Gang, Gao, Feng, Yang, Ming-Liang, Du, Liang-Jie, Li, Jian-Jun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6905339/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31552886
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.265560
_version_ 1783478151297368064
author Qin, Chuan
Xu, Pei-Pei
Zhang, Xin
Zhang, Chao
Liu, Chang-Bin
Yang, De-Gang
Gao, Feng
Yang, Ming-Liang
Du, Liang-Jie
Li, Jian-Jun
author_facet Qin, Chuan
Xu, Pei-Pei
Zhang, Xin
Zhang, Chao
Liu, Chang-Bin
Yang, De-Gang
Gao, Feng
Yang, Ming-Liang
Du, Liang-Jie
Li, Jian-Jun
author_sort Qin, Chuan
collection PubMed
description Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of RNA that is not translated into proteins. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a type of ncRNA, are the second most abundant type of RNA in cells. Recent studies have shown that tRNAs can be cleaved into a heterogeneous population of ncRNAs with lengths of 18–40 nucleotides, known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). There are two main types of tsRNA, based on their length and the number of cleavage sites that they contain: tRNA-derived fragments and tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs. These RNA species were first considered to be byproducts of tRNA random cleavage. However, mounting evidence has demonstrated their critical functional roles as regulatory factors in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases, including neurological diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tsRNAs affect specific cellular processes are largely unknown. Therefore, this study comprehensively summarizes the following points: (1) The biogenetics of tsRNA, including their discovery, classification, formation, and the roles of key enzymes. (2) The main biological functions of tsRNA, including its miRNA-like roles in gene expression regulation, protein translation regulation, regulation of various cellular activities, immune mediation, and response to stress. (3) The potential mechanisms of pathophysiological changes in neurological diseases that are regulated by tsRNA, including neurodegeneration and neurotrauma. (4) The identification of the functional diversity of tsRNA may provide valuable information regarding the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders, thus providing a new reference for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases. Research into tsRNAs in neurological diseases also has the following challenges: potential function and mechanism studies, how to accurately quantify expression, and the exact relationship between tsRNA and miRNA. These challenges require future research efforts.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-6905339
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2019
publisher Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-69053392020-02-27 Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders Qin, Chuan Xu, Pei-Pei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Chao Liu, Chang-Bin Yang, De-Gang Gao, Feng Yang, Ming-Liang Du, Liang-Jie Li, Jian-Jun Neural Regen Res Review Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of RNA that is not translated into proteins. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a type of ncRNA, are the second most abundant type of RNA in cells. Recent studies have shown that tRNAs can be cleaved into a heterogeneous population of ncRNAs with lengths of 18–40 nucleotides, known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). There are two main types of tsRNA, based on their length and the number of cleavage sites that they contain: tRNA-derived fragments and tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs. These RNA species were first considered to be byproducts of tRNA random cleavage. However, mounting evidence has demonstrated their critical functional roles as regulatory factors in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases, including neurological diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tsRNAs affect specific cellular processes are largely unknown. Therefore, this study comprehensively summarizes the following points: (1) The biogenetics of tsRNA, including their discovery, classification, formation, and the roles of key enzymes. (2) The main biological functions of tsRNA, including its miRNA-like roles in gene expression regulation, protein translation regulation, regulation of various cellular activities, immune mediation, and response to stress. (3) The potential mechanisms of pathophysiological changes in neurological diseases that are regulated by tsRNA, including neurodegeneration and neurotrauma. (4) The identification of the functional diversity of tsRNA may provide valuable information regarding the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders, thus providing a new reference for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases. Research into tsRNAs in neurological diseases also has the following challenges: potential function and mechanism studies, how to accurately quantify expression, and the exact relationship between tsRNA and miRNA. These challenges require future research efforts. Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 2019-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC6905339/ /pubmed/31552886 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.265560 Text en Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
spellingShingle Review
Qin, Chuan
Xu, Pei-Pei
Zhang, Xin
Zhang, Chao
Liu, Chang-Bin
Yang, De-Gang
Gao, Feng
Yang, Ming-Liang
Du, Liang-Jie
Li, Jian-Jun
Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders
title Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders
title_full Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders
title_fullStr Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders
title_full_unstemmed Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders
title_short Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders
title_sort pathological significance of trna-derived small rnas in neurological disorders
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6905339/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31552886
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.265560
work_keys_str_mv AT qinchuan pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT xupeipei pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT zhangxin pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT zhangchao pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT liuchangbin pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT yangdegang pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT gaofeng pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT yangmingliang pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT duliangjie pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders
AT lijianjun pathologicalsignificanceoftrnaderivedsmallrnasinneurologicaldisorders