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Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of RNA that is not translated into proteins. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a type of ncRNA, are the second most abundant type of RNA in cells. Recent studies have shown that tRNAs can be cleaved into a heterogeneous population of ncRNAs with lengths of 18–40 nucleotides,...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6905339/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31552886 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.265560 |
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author | Qin, Chuan Xu, Pei-Pei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Chao Liu, Chang-Bin Yang, De-Gang Gao, Feng Yang, Ming-Liang Du, Liang-Jie Li, Jian-Jun |
author_facet | Qin, Chuan Xu, Pei-Pei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Chao Liu, Chang-Bin Yang, De-Gang Gao, Feng Yang, Ming-Liang Du, Liang-Jie Li, Jian-Jun |
author_sort | Qin, Chuan |
collection | PubMed |
description | Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of RNA that is not translated into proteins. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a type of ncRNA, are the second most abundant type of RNA in cells. Recent studies have shown that tRNAs can be cleaved into a heterogeneous population of ncRNAs with lengths of 18–40 nucleotides, known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). There are two main types of tsRNA, based on their length and the number of cleavage sites that they contain: tRNA-derived fragments and tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs. These RNA species were first considered to be byproducts of tRNA random cleavage. However, mounting evidence has demonstrated their critical functional roles as regulatory factors in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases, including neurological diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tsRNAs affect specific cellular processes are largely unknown. Therefore, this study comprehensively summarizes the following points: (1) The biogenetics of tsRNA, including their discovery, classification, formation, and the roles of key enzymes. (2) The main biological functions of tsRNA, including its miRNA-like roles in gene expression regulation, protein translation regulation, regulation of various cellular activities, immune mediation, and response to stress. (3) The potential mechanisms of pathophysiological changes in neurological diseases that are regulated by tsRNA, including neurodegeneration and neurotrauma. (4) The identification of the functional diversity of tsRNA may provide valuable information regarding the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders, thus providing a new reference for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases. Research into tsRNAs in neurological diseases also has the following challenges: potential function and mechanism studies, how to accurately quantify expression, and the exact relationship between tsRNA and miRNA. These challenges require future research efforts. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6905339 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Wolters Kluwer - Medknow |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-69053392020-02-27 Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders Qin, Chuan Xu, Pei-Pei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Chao Liu, Chang-Bin Yang, De-Gang Gao, Feng Yang, Ming-Liang Du, Liang-Jie Li, Jian-Jun Neural Regen Res Review Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of RNA that is not translated into proteins. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), a type of ncRNA, are the second most abundant type of RNA in cells. Recent studies have shown that tRNAs can be cleaved into a heterogeneous population of ncRNAs with lengths of 18–40 nucleotides, known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). There are two main types of tsRNA, based on their length and the number of cleavage sites that they contain: tRNA-derived fragments and tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs. These RNA species were first considered to be byproducts of tRNA random cleavage. However, mounting evidence has demonstrated their critical functional roles as regulatory factors in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases, including neurological diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tsRNAs affect specific cellular processes are largely unknown. Therefore, this study comprehensively summarizes the following points: (1) The biogenetics of tsRNA, including their discovery, classification, formation, and the roles of key enzymes. (2) The main biological functions of tsRNA, including its miRNA-like roles in gene expression regulation, protein translation regulation, regulation of various cellular activities, immune mediation, and response to stress. (3) The potential mechanisms of pathophysiological changes in neurological diseases that are regulated by tsRNA, including neurodegeneration and neurotrauma. (4) The identification of the functional diversity of tsRNA may provide valuable information regarding the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders, thus providing a new reference for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases. Research into tsRNAs in neurological diseases also has the following challenges: potential function and mechanism studies, how to accurately quantify expression, and the exact relationship between tsRNA and miRNA. These challenges require future research efforts. Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 2019-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC6905339/ /pubmed/31552886 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.265560 Text en Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. |
spellingShingle | Review Qin, Chuan Xu, Pei-Pei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Chao Liu, Chang-Bin Yang, De-Gang Gao, Feng Yang, Ming-Liang Du, Liang-Jie Li, Jian-Jun Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders |
title | Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders |
title_full | Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders |
title_fullStr | Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders |
title_full_unstemmed | Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders |
title_short | Pathological significance of tRNA-derived small RNAs in neurological disorders |
title_sort | pathological significance of trna-derived small rnas in neurological disorders |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6905339/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31552886 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.265560 |
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