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The activation of bystander CD8(+) T cells and their roles in viral infection

During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as “bystander activation.” Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that i...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kim, Tae-Shin, Shin, Eui-Cheol
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6906361/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31827070
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1
Descripción
Sumario:During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as “bystander activation.” Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8(+) T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-γ. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8(+) T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8(+) T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.